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I met him on Bandra Hill Road liked his look , his turban , his peaceful attitude and shot a few frames.
He belongs to the Sikh religion.
about Sikhism
Sikhism,[1] founded in fifteenth century Punjab on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev and ten successive Sikh Gurus (the last one being the sacred text Guru Granth Sahib), is the fifth-largest organized religion in the world.[2] This system of religious philosophy and expression has been traditionally known as the Gurmat (literally the counsel of the gurus) or the Sikh Dharma. Sikhism originated from the word Sikh, which in turn comes from the Sanskrit root śiṣya meaning "disciple" or "learner", or śikṣa meaning "instruction".[3][4]
The principal belief of Sikhism is faith in waheguru—represented using the sacred symbol of ik ōaṅkār, the Universal God. Sikhism advocates the pursuit of salvation through disciplined, personal meditation on the name and message of God. A key distinctive feature of Sikhism is a non-anthropomorphic concept of God, to the extent that one can interpret God as the Universe itself. The followers of Sikhism are ordained to follow the teachings of the ten Sikh gurus, or enlightened leaders, as well as the holy scripture entitled the Gurū Granth Sāhib, which, along with the writings of six of the ten Sikh Gurus, includes selected works of many devotees from diverse socio-economic and religious backgrounds. The text was decreed by Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth guru, as the final guru of the Khalsa Panth. Sikhism's traditions and teachings are distinctively associated with the history, society and culture of the Punjab. Adherents of Sikhism are known as Sikhs (students or disciples) and number over 23 million across the world. Most Sikhs live in Punjab in India and, until India's partition, millions of Sikhs lived in what is now Pakistani Punjab.[5]
The origins of Sikhism lie in the teachings of Guru Nanak and his successors. The essence of Sikh teaching is summed up by Nanak in these words: "Realisation of Truth is higher than all else. Higher still is truthful living".[6] Sikhism believes in equality of all humans and rejects discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, and gender. Sikhism also does not attach any importance to asceticism as a means to attain salvation, but stresses on the need of leading life as a householder.
Sikhism is a monotheistic religion.[7][8] In Sikhism, God—termed Vāhigurū—is shapeless, timeless, and sightless: niraṅkār, akāl, and alakh. The beginning of the first composition of Sikh scripture is the figure "1"—signifying the universality of God. It states that God is omnipresent and infinite, and is signified by the term ēk ōaṅkār.[9] Sikhs believe that before creation, all that existed was God and Its hukam (will or order).[10] When God willed, the entire cosmos was created. From these beginnings, God nurtured "enticement and attachment" to māyā, or the human perception of reality.[11]
While a full understanding of God is beyond human beings,[9] Nanak described God as not wholly unknowable. God is omnipresent (sarav viāpak) in all creation and visible everywhere to the spiritually awakened. Nanak stressed that God must be seen from "the inward eye", or the "heart", of a human being: devotees must meditate to progress towards enlightenment. Guru Nanak Dev emphasized the revelation through meditation, as its rigorous application permits the existence of communication between God and human beings.[9] God has no gender in Sikhism, (though translations may incorrectly present a male God); indeed Sikhism teaches that God is "Nirankar" [Niran meaning "without" and kar meaning "form", hence "without form"]. In addition, Nanak wrote that there are many worlds on which God has created life.[12]
[edit] Pursuing salvation and khalsa
A Sikh man at the Harimandir Sahib
Nanak's teachings are founded not on a final destination of heaven or hell, but on a spiritual union with God which results in salvation.[13] The chief obstacles to the attainment of salvation are social conflicts and an attachment to worldly pursuits, which commit men and women to an endless cycle of birth—a concept known as reincarnation.
Māyā—defined as illusion or "unreality"—is one of the core deviations from the pursuit of God and salvation: people are distracted from devotion by worldly attractions which give only illusive satisfaction. However, Nanak emphasised māyā as not a reference to the unreality of the world, but of its values. In Sikhism, the influences of ego, anger, greed, attachment, and lust—known as the Five Evils—are believed to be particularly pernicious. The fate of people vulnerable to the Five Evils is separation from God, and the situation may be remedied only after intensive and relentless devotion.[14]
Nanak described God's revelation—the path to salvation—with terms such as nām (the divine Name) and śabad (the divine Word) to emphasise the totality of the revelation. Nanak designated the word guru (meaning teacher) as the voice of God and the source and guide for knowledge and salvation.[15] Salvation can be reached only through rigorous and disciplined devotion to God. Nanak distinctly emphasised the irrelevance of outward observations such as rites, pilgrimages, or asceticism. He stressed that devotion must take place through the heart, with the spirit and the soul.
A key practice to be pursued is nām: remembrance of the divine Name. The verbal repetition of the name of God or a sacred syllable is an established practice in religious traditions in India, but Nanak's interpretation emphasized inward, personal observance. Nanak's ideal is the total exposure of one's being to the divine Name and a total conforming to Dharma or the "Divine Order". Nanak described the result of the disciplined application of nām simraṇ as a "growing towards and into God" through a gradual process of five stages. The last of these is sac khaṇḍ (The Realm of Truth)—the final union of the spirit with God.[15]
Nanak stressed now kirat karō: that a Sikh should balance work, worship, and charity, and should defend the rights of all creatures, and in particular, fellow human beings. They are encouraged to have a chaṛdī kalā, or optimistic, view of life. Sikh teachings also stress the concept of sharing—vaṇḍ chakkō—through the distribution of free food at Sikh gurdwaras (laṅgar), giving charitable donations, and working for the good of the community and others (sēvā).
[edit] The ten gurus and religious authority
Main article: Sikh Gurus
A rare Tanjore-style painting from the late 19th century depicting the ten Sikh Gurus with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana.
The term guru comes from the Sanskrit gurū, meaning teacher, guide, or mentor. The traditions and philosophy of Sikhism were established by ten specific gurus from 1499 to 1708. Each guru added to and reinforced the message taught by the previous, resulting in the creation of the Sikh religion. Nanak was the first guru and appointed a disciple as successor. Gobind Singh was the final guru in human form. Before his death, Gobind Singh decreed that the Gurū Granth Sāhib would be the final and perpetual guru of the Sikhs.[16] The Sikhs believe that the spirit of Nanak was passed from one guru to the next, " just as the light of one lamp, which lights another and does not diminish ",[17] and is also mentioned in their holy book.
After Nanak's passing, the most important phase in the development of Sikhism came with the third successor, Amar Das. Nanak's teachings emphasised the pursuit of salvation; Amar Das began building a cohesive community of followers with initiatives such as sanctioning distinctive ceremonies for birth, marriage, and death. Amar Das also established the manji (comparable to a diocese) system of clerical supervision.[15]
The interior of the Akal Takht
Amar Das's successor and son-in-law Ram Das founded the city of Amritsar, which is home of the Harimandir Sahib and regarded widely as the holiest city for all Sikhs. When Ram Das's youngest son Arjan succeeded him, the line of male gurus from the Sodhi Khatri family was established: all succeeding gurus were direct descendants of this line. Arjun Mathur was responsible for compiling the Sikh scriptures. Guru Arjan Sahib was captured by Mughal authorities who were suspicious and hostile to the religious order he was developing.[18] His persecution and death inspired his successors to promote a military and political organization of Sikh communities to defend themselves against the attacks of Mughal forces.
The Sikh gurus established a mechanism which allowed the Sikh religion to react as a community to changing circumstances. The sixth guru, Har Gobind, was responsible for the creation of the concept of Akal Takht (throne of the timeless one), which serves as the supreme decision-making centre of Sikhdom and sits opposite the Darbar Sahib. The Sarbat Ḵẖālsā (a representative portion of the Khalsa Panth) historically gathers at the Akal Takht on special festivals such as Vaisakhi or Diwali and when there is a need to discuss matters that affect the entire Sikh nation. A gurmatā (literally, guru's intention) is an order passed by the Sarbat Ḵẖālsā in the presence of the Gurū Granth Sāhib. A gurmatā may only be passed on a subject that affects the fundamental principles of Sikh religion; it is binding upon all Sikhs.[19] The term hukamnāmā (literally, edict or royal order) is often used interchangeably with the term gurmatā. However, a hukamnāmā formally refers to a hymn from the Gurū Granth Sāhib which is given as an order to Sikhs.
[edit] History
Main article: History of Sikhism
Nanak (1469–1538), the founder of Sikhism, was born in the village of Rāi Bhōi dī Talwandī, now called Nankana Sahib (in present-day Pakistan).[20] His father, Mehta Kalu was a Patwari, an accountant of land revenue in the employment of Rai Bular Bhatti, the area landlord. Nanak's mother was Tripta Devi and he had one older sister, Nanaki. His parents were Khatri Hindus of the Bedi clan. As a boy, Nanak was fascinated by religion, and his desire to explore the mysteries of life eventually led him to leave home and take missionary journeys.
In his early teens, Nanak caught the attention of the local landlord Rai Bular Bhatti, who was moved by his intellect and divine qualities. Rai Bular was witness to many incidents in which Nanak enchanted him and as a result Rai Bular and Nanak's sister Bibi Nanki, became the first persons to recognise the divine qualities in Nanak. Both of them then encouraged and supported Nanak to study and travel. Sikh tradition states that at the age of thirty, Nanak went missing and was presumed to have drowned after going for one of his morning baths to a local stream called the Kali Bein. One day, he declared: "There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim" (in Punjabi, "nā kōi hindū nā kōi musalmān"). It was from this moment that Nanak would begin to spread the teachings of what was then the beginning of Sikhism.[21] Although the exact account of his itinerary is disputed, he is widely acknowledged to have made four major journeys, spanning thousands of kilometres, the first tour being east towards Bengal and Assam, the second south towards Tamil Nadu, the third north towards Kashmir, Ladakh, and Tibet, and the final tour west towards Baghdad and Mecca.[22]
Nanak was married to Sulakhni, the daughter of Moolchand Chona, a rice trader from the town of Bakala. They had two sons. The elder son, Sri Chand, was an ascetic, and he came to have a considerable following of his own, known as the Udasis. The younger son, Lakshmi Das, on the other hand, was totally immersed in worldly life. To Nanak, who believed in the ideal of rāj maiṁ jōg (detachment in civic life), both his sons were unfit to carry on the Guruship.
[edit] Growth of the Sikh community
In 1538, Nanak chose his disciple Lahiṇā, a Khatri of the Trehan clan, as a successor to the guruship rather than either of his sons. Lahiṇā was named Angad Dev and became the second guru of the Sikhs.[23] Nanak conferred his choice at the town of Kartarpur on the banks of the river Ravi, where Nanak had finally settled down after his travels. Though Sri Chand was not an ambitious man, the Udasis believed that the Guruship should have gone to him, since he was a man of pious habits in addition to being Nanak's son. They refused to accept Angad's succession. On Nanak's advice, Angad shifted from Kartarpur to Khadur, where his wife Khivi and children were living, until he was able to bridge the divide between his followers and the Udasis. Angad continued the work started by Nanak and is widely credited for standardising the Gurmukhī script as used in the sacred scripture of the Sikhs.
Amar Das, a Khatri of the Bhalla clan, became the third Sikh guru in 1552 at the age of 73. Goindval became an important centre for Sikhism during the guruship of Amar Das. He preached the principle of equality for women by prohibiting purdah and sati. Amar Das also encouraged the practice of langar and made all those who visited him attend laṅgar before they could speak to him.[24] In 1567, Emperor Akbar sat with the ordinary and poor people of Punjab to have laṅgar. Amar Das also trained 146 apostles of which 52 were women, to manage the rapid expansion of the religion.[25] Before he died in 1574 aged 95, he appointed his son-in-law Jēṭhā, a Khatri of the Sodhi clan, as the fourth Sikh guru.
Jēṭhā became Ram Das and vigorously undertook his duties as the new guru. He is responsible for the establishment of the city of Ramdaspur later to be named Amritsar. Before Ramdaspur, Amritsar was known as Guru Da Chakk. In 1581, Arjan Dev—youngest son of the fourth guru—became the fifth guru of the Sikhs. In addition to being responsible for building the Darbar/Harimandir Sahib (called the Golden Temple), he prepared the Sikh sacred text known as the Ādi Granth (literally the first book) and included the writings of the first five gurus. In 1606, for refusing to make changes to the Granth and for supporting an unsuccessful contender to the throne, he was tortured and killed by the Mughal Emperor, Jahangir.[26]
[edit] Political advancement
Hargobind, became the sixth guru of the Sikhs. He carried two swords—one for spiritual and the other for temporal reasons (known as mīrī and pīrī in Sikhism).[27] Sikhs grew as an organized community and under the 10th Guru the Sikhs developed a trained fighting force to defend their independence. In 1644, Har Rai became guru followed by Harkrishan, the boy guru, in 1661. No hymns composed by these three gurus are included in the Sikh holy book.[28]
Tegh Bahadur became guru in 1665 and led the Sikhs until 1675. Teg Bahadur was executed by Aurangzeb for helping to protect Hindus, after a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits came to him for help when the Emperor condemned them to death for failing to convert to Islam.[29] He was succeeded by his son, Gobind Rai who was just nine years old at the time of his father's death. Gobind Rai further militarised his followers, and was baptised by the Pañj Piārē when he formed the Khalsa on 13 April 1699. From here on in he was known as Gobind Singh.
From the time of Nanak, when it was a loose collection of followers who focused entirely on the attainment of salvation and God, the Sikh community had significantly transformed. Even though the core Sikh religious philosophy was never affected, the followers now began to develop a political identity. Conflict with Mughal authorities escalated during the lifetime of Teg Bahadur and Gobind Singh. The latter founded the Khalsa in 1699. The Khalsa is a disciplined community that combines its religious purpose and goals with political and military duties.[30] After Aurangzeb killed four of his sons, Gobind Singh sent Aurangzeb the Zafarnamah (Notification/Epistle of Victory).
Shortly before his death, Gobind Singh ordered that the Gurū Granth Sāhib (the Sikh Holy Scripture), would be the ultimate spiritual authority for the Sikhs and temporal authority would be vested in the Khalsa Panth—the Sikh Nation/Community.[16] The first scripture was compiled and edited by the fifth guru, Arjan Dev, in 1604.
A former ascetic was charged by Gobind Singh with the duty of punishing those who had persecuted the Sikhs. After the guru's death, Baba Banda Singh Bahadur became the leader of the Sikh army and was responsible for several attacks on the Mughal empire. He was executed by the emperor Jahandar Shah after refusing the offer of a pardon if he converted to Islam.[31]
The Sikh community's embrace of military and political organisation made it a considerable regional force in medieval India and it continued to evolve after the demise of the gurus. After the death of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur, a Sikh Confederacy of Sikh warrior bands known as misls formed. With the decline of the Mughal empire, a Sikh Empire arose in the Punjab under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, with its capital in Lahore and limits reaching the Khyber Pass and the borders of China. The order, traditions and discipline developed over centuries culminated at the time of Ranjit Singh to give rise to the common religious and social identity that the term "Sikhism" describes.[32]
After the death of Ranjit Singh, the Sikh Empire fell into disorder and was eventually annexed by the United Kingdom after the hard-fought Anglo-Sikh Wars. This brought the Punjab under the British Raj. Sikhs formed the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee and the Shiromani Akali Dal to preserve Sikhs' religious and political organization a quarter of a century later. With the partition of India in 1947, thousands of Sikhs were killed in violence and millions were forced to leave their ancestral homes in West Punjab.[33] Sikhs faced initial opposition from the Government in forming a linguistic state that other states in India were afforded. The Akali Dal started a non-violence movement for Sikh and Punjabi rights. Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale emerged as a leader of the Bhindran-Mehta Jatha—which assumed the name of Damdami Taksal in 1977 to promote a peaceful solution of the problem. In June 1984, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ordered the Indian army to launch Operation Blue Star to remove Bhindranwale and his followers from the Darbar Sahib. Bhindranwale, and a large number of innocent pilgrims were killed during the army's operations. In October, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards. The assassination was followed by the 1984 Anti-Sikh riots massacre[34] and Hindu-Sikh conflicts in Punjab, as a reaction to the assassination and Operation Blue Star.
[edit] Scripture
There are two primary sources of scripture for the Sikhs: the Gurū Granth Sāhib and the Dasam Granth. The Gurū Granth Sāhib may be referred to as the Ādi Granth—literally, The First Volume—and the two terms are often used synonymously. Here, however, the Ādi Granth refers to the version of the scripture created by Arjan Dev in 1604. The Gurū Granth Sāhib refers to the final version of the scripture created by Gobind Singh.
[edit] Adi Granth
Main article: Ādi Granth
The Ādi Granth was compiled primarily by Bhai Gurdas under the supervision of Arjan Dev between the years 1603 and 1604.[35] It is written in the Gurmukhī script, which is a descendant of the Laṇḍā script used in the Punjab at that time.[36] The Gurmukhī script was standardised by Angad Dev, the second guru of the Sikhs, for use in the Sikh scriptures and is thought to have been influenced by the Śāradā and Devanāgarī scripts. An authoritative scripture was created to protect the integrity of hymns and teachings of the Sikh gurus and selected bhagats. At the time, Arjan Sahib tried to prevent undue influence from the followers of Prithi Chand, the guru's older brother and rival.[37]
The original version of the Ādi Granth is known as the kartārpur bīṛ and is claimed to be held by the Sodhi family of Kartarpur.[citation needed] (In fact the original volume was burned by Ahmad Shah Durrani's army in 1757 when they burned the whole town of Kartarpur.)[citation needed]
[edit] Guru Granth Sahib
Gurū Granth Sāhib folio with Mūl Mantra
Main article: Gurū Granth Sāhib
The final version of the Gurū Granth Sāhib was compiled by Gobind Singh in 1678. It consists of the original Ādi Granth with the addition of Teg Bahadur's hymns. It was decreed by Gobind Singh that the Granth was to be considered the eternal guru of all Sikhs; however, this tradition is not mentioned either in 'Guru Granth Sahib' or in 'Dasam Granth'.
Punjabi: ਸੱਬ ਸਿੱਖਣ ਕੋ ਹੁਕਮ ਹੈ ਗੁਰੂ ਮਾਨਯੋ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ।
Transliteration: Sabb sikkhaṇ kō hukam hai gurū mānyō granth.
English: All Sikhs are commanded to take the Granth as Guru.
It contains compositions by the first five gurus, Teg Bahadur and just one śalōk (couplet) from Gobind Singh.[38] It also contains the traditions and teachings of sants (saints) such as Kabir, Namdev, Ravidas, and Sheikh Farid along with several others.[32]
The bulk of the scripture is classified into rāgs, with each rāg subdivided according to length and author. There are 31 main rāgs within the Gurū Granth Sāhib. In addition to the rāgs, there are clear references to the folk music of Punjab. The main language used in the scripture is known as Sant Bhāṣā, a language related to both Punjabi and Hindi and used extensively across medieval northern India by proponents of popular devotional religion.[30] The text further comprises over 5000 śabads, or hymns, which are poetically constructed and set to classical form of music rendition, can be set to predetermined musical tāl, or rhythmic beats.
A group of Sikh musicians at the Golden Temple complex
The Granth begins with the Mūl Mantra, an iconic verse created by Nanak:
Punjabi: ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥
ISO 15919 transliteration: Ika ōaṅkāra sati nāmu karatā purakhu nirabha'u niravairu akāla mūrati ajūnī saibhaṅ gura prasādi.
Simplified transliteration: Ik ōaṅkār sat nām kartā purkh nirbha'u nirvair akāl mūrat ajūnī saibhaṅ gur prasād.
English: One Universal Creator God, The Name Is Truth, Creative Being Personified, No Fear, No Hatred, Image Of The Timeless One, Beyond Birth, Self Existent, By Guru's Grace.
All text within the Granth is known as gurbānī. Gurbānī, according to Nanak, was revealed by God directly, and the authors wrote it down for the followers. The status accorded to the scripture is defined by the evolving interpretation of the concept of gurū. In the Sant tradition of Nanak, the guru was literally the word of God. The Sikh community soon transferred the role to a line of men who gave authoritative and practical expression to religious teachings and traditions, in addition to taking socio-political leadership of Sikh adherents. Gobind Singh declared an end of the line of human gurus, and now the Gurū Granth Sāhib serves as the eternal guru, with its interpretation vested with the community.[30]
[edit] Dasam Granth
Main article: Dasam Granth
A frontispiece to the Dasam Granth
The Dasam Granth (formally dasvēṁ pātśāh kī granth or The Book of the Tenth Master) is an eighteenth-century collection of poems by Gobind Singh. It was compiled in the shape of a book (granth) by Bhai Mani Singh some 13 to 26 years after Guru Gobind Singh Ji left this world for his heavenly abode.
From 1895 to 1897, different scholars and theologians assembled at the Akal Takht, Amritsar, to study the 32 printed Dasam Granths and prepare the authoritative version. They met at the Akal Takhat at Amritsar, and held formal discussions in a series of meetings between 13 June 1895 and 16 February 1896. A preliminary report entitled Report Sodhak (revision) Committee Dasam Patshah de Granth Sahib Di was sent to Sikh scholars and institutions, inviting their opinion. A second document, Report Dasam Granth di Sudhai Di was brought out on 11 February 1898. Basing its conclusions on a study of the old handwritten copies of the Dasam Granth preserved at Sri Takht Sahib at Patna and in other Sikh gurudwaras, this report affirmed that the Holy Volume was compiled at Anandpur Sahib in 1698[3] . Further re-examinations and reviews took place in 1931, under the aegis of the Darbar Sahib Committee of the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee. They, too, vindicated the earlier conclusion (agreeing that it was indeed the work of the Guru) and its findings have since been published.
[edit] Janamsakhis
Main article: Janamsākhīs
The Janamsākhīs (literally birth stories), are writings which profess to be biographies of Nanak. Although not scripture in the strictest sense, they provide an interesting look at Nanak's life and the early start of Sikhism. There are several—often contradictory and sometimes unreliable—Janamsākhīs and they are not held in the same regard as other sources of scriptural knowledge.
[edit] Observances
Observant Sikhs adhere to long-standing practices and traditions to strengthen and express their faith. The daily recitation from memory of specific passages from the Gurū Granth Sāhib, especially the Japu (or Japjī, literally chant) hymns is recommended immediately after rising and bathing. Family customs include both reading passages from the scripture and attending the gurdwara (also gurduārā, meaning the doorway to God; sometimes transliterated as gurudwara). There are many gurdwaras prominently constructed and maintained across India, as well as in almost every nation where Sikhs reside. Gurdwaras are open to all, regardless of religion, background, caste, or race.
Worship in a gurdwara consists chiefly of singing of passages from the scripture. Sikhs will commonly enter the temple, touch the ground before the holy scripture with their foreheads, and make an offering. The recitation of the eighteenth century ardās is also customary for attending Sikhs. The ardās recalls past sufferings and glories of the community, invoking divine grace for all humanity.[39]
The most sacred shrine is the Harimandir Sahib in Amritsar, famously known as the Golden Temple. Groups of Sikhs regularly visit and congregate at the Harimandir Sahib. On specific occasions, groups of Sikhs are permitted to undertake a pilgrimage to Sikh shrines in the province of Punjab in Pakistan, especially at Nankana Sahib and other Gurdwaras. Other places of interest to Sikhism in Pakistan includes the samādhī (place of cremation) of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Lahore.
[edit] Sikh festivals
Festivals in Sikhism mostly centre around the lives of the Gurus and Sikh martyrs. The SGPC, the Sikh organisation in charge of upkeep of the gurdwaras, organises celebrations based on the new Nanakshahi calendar. This calendar is highly controversial among Sikhs and is not universally accepted. Several festivals (Hola Mohalla, Diwali, and Nanak's birthday) continue to be celebrated using the Hindu calendar. Sikh festivals include the following:
* Gurpurabs are celebrations or commemorations based on the lives of the Sikh gurus. They tend to be either birthdays or celebrations of Sikh martyrdom. All ten Gurus have Gurpurabs on the Nanakshahi calendar, but it is Guru Nanak Dev and Guru Gobind Singh who have a gurpurab that is widely celebrated in Gurdwaras and Sikh homes. The martyrdoms are also known as a shaheedi Gurpurab, which mark the martyrdom anniversary of Guru Arjan Dev and Guru Tegh Bahadur.
* Vaisakhi or Baisakhi normally occurs on 13 April and marks the beginning of the new spring year and the end of the harvest. Sikhs celebrate it because on Vaisakhi in 1699, the tenth guru, Gobind Singh, laid down the Foundation of the Khalsa an Independent Sikh Identity.
* Bandi Chhor Divas or Diwali celebrates Hargobind's release from the Gwalior Fort, with several innocent Hindu kings who were also imprisoned by Jahangir, on 26 October, 1619.
* Hola Mohalla occurs the day after Holi and is when the Khalsa Panth gather at Anandpur and display their warrior skills, including fighting and riding.
[edit] Ceremonies and customs
The anand kāraj (Sikh marriage) ceremony
Nanak taught that rituals, religious ceremonies, or idol worship is of little use and Sikhs are discouraged from fasting or going on pilgrimages.[40] However, during the period of the later gurus, and owing to increased institutionalisation of the religion, some ceremonies and rites did arise. Sikhism is not a proselytizing religion and most Sikhs do not make active attempts to gain converts. However, converts to Sikhism are welcomed, although there is no formal conversion ceremony. The morning and evening prayers take about two hours a day, starting in the very early morning hours. The first morning prayer is Guru Nanak's Jap Ji. Jap, meaning "recitation", refers to the use of sound, as the best way of approaching the divine. Like combing hair, hearing and reciting the sacred word is used as a way to comb all negative thoughts out of the mind. The second morning prayer is Guru Gobind Singh's universal Jaap Sahib. The Guru addresses God as having no form, no country, and no religion but as the seed of seeds, sun of suns, and the song of songs. The Jaap Sahib asserts that God is the cause of conflict as well as peace, and of destruction as well as creation. Devotees learn that there is nothing outside of God's presence, nothing outside of God's control. Devout Sikhs are encouraged to begin the day with private meditations on the name of God.
Upon a child's birth, the Guru Granth Sāhib is opened at a random point and the child is named using the first letter on the top left-hand corner of the left page. All boys are given the middle name or surname Singh, and all girls are given the middle name or surname Kaur.[41] Sikhs are joined in wedlock through the anand kāraj ceremony. Sikhs are required to marry when they are of a sufficient age (child marriage is taboo), and without regard for the future spouse's caste or descent. The marriage ceremony is performed in the company of the Guru Granth Sāhib; around which the couple circles four times. After the ceremony is complete, the husband and wife are considered "a single soul in two bodies."[42]
According to Sikh religious rites, neither husband nor wife is permitted to divorce. A Sikh couple that wishes to divorce may be able to do so in a civil court—but this is not condoned.[43] Upon death, the body of a Sikh is usually cremated. If this is not possible, any means of disposing the body may be employed. The kīrtan sōhilā and ardās prayers are performed during the funeral ceremony (known as antim sanskār).[44]
[edit] Baptism and the Khalsa
A kaṛā, kaṅghā and kirpān.
Khalsa (meaning pure) is the name given by Gobind Singh to all Sikhs who have been baptised or initiated by taking ammrit in a ceremony called ammrit sañcār. The first time that this ceremony took place was on Vaisakhi, which fell on 29 March 1698/1699 at Anandpur Sahib in Punjab. It was on that occasion that Gobind Singh baptised the Pañj Piārē who in turn baptised Gobind Singh himself.
Baptised Sikhs are bound to wear the Five Ks (in Punjabi known as pañj kakkē or pañj kakār), or articles of faith, at all times. The tenth guru, Gobind Singh, ordered these Five Ks to be worn so that a Sikh could actively use them to make a difference to their own and to others' spirituality. The 5 items are: kēs (uncut hair), kaṅghā (small comb), kaṛā (circular iron bracelet), kirpān (dagger), and kacchā (special undergarment). The Five Ks have both practical and symbolic purposes.[45]
[edit] Sikh people
Main article: Sikh
Further information: Sikhism by country
Punjabi Sikh family from Punjab, India
Worldwide, there are 25.8 million Sikhs and approximately 75% of Sikhs live in the Indian state of Punjab, where they constitute about 60% of the state's population. Even though there are a large number of Sikhs in the world, certain countries have not recognised Sikhism as a major religion and Sikhism has no relation to Hinduism. Large communities of Sikhs live in the neighboring states, and large communities of Sikhs can be found across India. However, Sikhs only make up about 2% of the Indian population.
In addition to social divisions, there is a misperception that there are a number of Sikh sectarian groups[clarification needed], such as Namdharis and Nirankaris. Nihangs tend to have little difference in practice and are considered the army of Sikhism. There is also a sect known as Udasi, founded by Sri Chand who were initially part of Sikhism but later developed into a monastic order.
Sikh Migration beginning from the 19th century led to the creation of significant communities in Canada (predominantly in Brampton, along with Malton in Ontario and Surrey in British Columbia), East Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, the United Kingdom and more recently, Australia, New Zealand, the United States and Western Europe. Smaller populations of Sikhs are found in Mauritius, Malaysia, Fiji, Nepal, China, Pakistan, Afganistan, Iraq and many other countries
The 1918–20 "Spanish flu" influenza pandemic resulted in dramatic mortality worldwide.
A pandemic (from Greek πᾶν, pan, 'all' and δῆμος, demos, 'people') is an epidemic of disease that has spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents, or worldwide. A widespread endemic disease with a stable number of infected people is not a pandemic. Further, flu pandemics generally exclude recurrences of seasonal flu.
Throughout history, there have been a number of pandemics of diseases such as smallpox and tuberculosis. One of the most devastating pandemics was the Black Death (also known as The Plague), which killed an estimated 75–200 million people in the 14th century. Other notable pandemics include the 1918 influenza pandemic (Spanish flu) and the 2009 flu pandemic (H1N1). Current pandemics include HIV/AIDS and the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.
Contents
1Definition and stages
2Management
3Current pandemics
3.1HIV/AIDS
3.2Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
4Notable outbreaks
4.1Cholera
4.2Influenza
4.3Typhus
4.4Smallpox
4.5Measles
4.6Tuberculosis
4.7Leprosy
4.8Malaria
4.9Yellow fever
5Concerns about future pandemics
5.1Antibiotic resistance
5.2Viral hemorrhagic fevers
5.3Coronaviruses
5.4Influenza
5.5Zika virus
6Economic consequences
7Biological warfare
8In popular culture
9See also
10Notes
11References
12Further reading
13External links
Definition and stages[edit]
The World Health Organization's former influenza pandemic alert phases—WHO no longer uses this old system of six phases
A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale that crosses international boundaries, usually affecting people on a worldwide scale.[1] Pandemics can also occur in important agricultural organisms (livestock, crop plants, fish, tree species) or in other organisms.[citation needed] A disease or condition is not a pandemic merely because it is widespread or kills many people; it must also be infectious. For instance, cancer is responsible for many deaths but is not considered a pandemic because the disease is neither infectious nor contagious.[2]
The World Health Organization (WHO) previously applied a six-stage classification to describe the process by which a novel influenza virus moves from the first few infections in humans through to a pandemic. This starts with the virus mostly infecting animals, with a few cases where animals infect people, then moves through the stage where the virus begins to spread directly between people and ends with a pandemic when infections from the new virus have spread worldwide. In February 2020, a WHO spokesperson clarified that "there is no official category [for a pandemic]".[a][3]
In a virtual press conference in May 2009 on the influenza pandemic, Dr. Keiji Fukuda, Assistant Director-General ad interim for Health Security and Environment, WHO said "An easy way to think about pandemic ... is to say: a pandemic is a global outbreak. Then you might ask yourself: 'What is a global outbreak'? Global outbreak means that we see both spread of the agent ... and then we see disease activities in addition to the spread of the virus."[4]
In planning for a possible influenza pandemic, the WHO published a document on pandemic preparedness guidance in 1999, revised in 2005 and in February 2009, defining phases and appropriate actions for each phase in an aide-mémoire titled WHO pandemic phase descriptions and main actions by phase. The 2009 revision, including definitions of a pandemic and the phases leading to its declaration, were finalized in February 2009. The pandemic H1N1 2009 virus was neither on the horizon at that time nor mentioned in the document.[5][6] All versions of this document refer to influenza. The phases are defined by the spread of the disease; virulence and mortality are not mentioned in the current WHO definition, although these factors have previously been included.[7]
Management[edit]
See also: Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
The goals of community mitigation: (1) delay outbreak peak; (2) reduce peak burden on healthcare, known as flattening the curve; and (3) diminish overall cases and health impact.[8][9]
The basic strategies in the control of an outbreak are containment and mitigation. Containment may be undertaken in the early stages of the outbreak, including contact tracing and isolating infected individuals to stop the disease from spreading to the rest of the population, other public health interventions on infection control, and therapeutic countermeasures such as vaccinations which may be effective if available.[10] When it becomes apparent that it is no longer possible to contain the spread of the disease, it will then move on to the mitigation stage, when measures are taken to slow the spread of disease and mitigate its effects on the health care system and society. In reality, a combination of both containment and mitigation measures may be undertaken at the same time to control an outbreak.[11]
A key part of managing an infectious disease outbreak is trying to decrease the epidemic peak, known as flattening the epidemic curve.[8] This helps decrease the risk of health services being overwhelmed and providing more time for a vaccine and treatment to be developed.[8] Non-pharmaceutical interventions may be taken to manage the outbreak; for example in a flu pandemic, these actions may include personal preventive measures such as hand hygiene, wearing face-masks and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at social distancing such as closing schools and cancelling mass gathering events; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such as cleaning of surfaces.[9]
Another strategy, suppression, requires more extreme long-term non-pharmaceutical interventions so as to reverse the pandemic by reducing the basic reproduction number to less than 1. The suppression strategy, which include stringent population-wide social distancing, home isolation of cases and household quarantine, was undertaken by China during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic where entire cities were placed under lockdown, but such strategy carries with it considerable social and economic costs.[12]
Current pandemics[edit]
HIV/AIDS[edit]
Main article: AIDS pandemic
Estimated HIV/AIDS prevalence among young adults (15-49) by country as of 2008
HIV originated in Africa, and spread to the United States via Haiti between 1966 and 1972.[13] AIDS is currently a pandemic, with infection rates as high as 25% in southern and eastern Africa. In 2006, the HIV prevalence rate among pregnant women in South Africa was 29%.[14] Effective education about safer sexual practices and bloodborne infection precautions training have helped to slow down infection rates in several African countries sponsoring national education programs.[citation needed]
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)[edit]
Main article: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
People queueing outside a Wuhan pharmacy to buy face masks and medical supplies
A new coronavirus was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in late December 2019,[15] as causing a cluster of cases of an acute respiratory disease, referred to as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). According to media reports, more than 200 countries and territories have been affected, with major outbreaks in the United States, central China, Italy, Spain, and Iran.[16][17] On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization characterized the spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic.[18][19] As of 3 April 2020, the number of SARS-CoV-2 infected persons reached one million, the death toll was 55,132 and the number of patients recovered was 225,335.[20]
Notable outbreaks[edit]
See also: List of epidemics, Columbian Exchange, and Globalization and disease
There have been a number of significant epidemics and pandemics recorded in human history, generally zoonoses such as influenza and tuberculosis, which came about with domestication of animals. There have been a number of particularly significant epidemics that deserve mention above the "mere" destruction of cities:
Plague of Athens, from 430 to 426 BCE. During the Peloponnesian War, typhoid fever killed a quarter of the Athenian troops, and a quarter of the population over four years. This disease fatally weakened the dominance of Athens, but the sheer virulence of the disease prevented its wider spread; i.e. it killed off its hosts at a rate faster than they could spread it. The exact cause of the plague was unknown for many years. In January 2006, researchers from the University of Athens analyzed teeth recovered from a mass grave underneath the city, and confirmed the presence of bacteria responsible for typhoid.[21]
Contemporary engraving of Marseille during the Great Plague of Marseille in 1720–1721
Antonine Plague, from 165 to 180 AD. Possibly smallpox brought to the Italian peninsula by soldiers returning from the Near East; it killed a quarter of those infected, and up to five million in all.[22] At the height of a second outbreak, the Plague of Cyprian (251–266), which may have been the same disease, 5,000 people a day were said to be dying in Rome.
Plague of Justinian, from 541 to 750, was the first recorded outbreak of the bubonic plague. It started in Egypt, and reached Constantinople the following spring, killing (according to the Byzantine chronicler Procopius) 10,000 a day at its height, and perhaps 40% of the city's inhabitants. The plague went on to eliminate a quarter to half the human population of the known world.[23][24] It caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between 550 AD and 700 AD.[25]
Black Death, from 1331 to 1353. The total number of deaths worldwide is estimated at 75 to 200 million people.Black Death#cite ref-ABC/Reuters 1-1 Eight hundred years after the last outbreak, the plague returned to Europe. Starting in Asia, the disease reached Mediterranean and western Europe in 1348 (possibly from Italian merchants fleeing fighting in Crimea), and killed an estimated 20 to 30 million Europeans in six years;[26] a third of the total population,[27] and up to a half in the worst-affected urban areas.[28] It was the first of a cycle of European plague epidemics that continued until the 18th century.[29] There were more than 100 plague epidemics in Europe in this period.[30] The disease recurred in England every two to five years from 1361 to 1480.[31] By the 1370s, England's population was reduced by 50%.[32] The Great Plague of London of 1665–66 was the last major outbreak of the plague in England. The disease killed approximately 100,000 people, 20% of London's population.[33]
The third plague pandemic started in China in 1855, and spread to India, where 10 million people died.[34] During this pandemic, the United States saw its first outbreak: the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904.[35] Today, isolated cases of plague are still found in the western United States.[36]
Spanish flu, from 1918 to 1920. It infected 500 million people around the world,[37] including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic, and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million people.[37][38] Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill the very young and the very old, with higher survival rate for those in between, but the Spanish flu had an unusually high mortality rate for young adults.[39] Spanish flu killed more people than World War I did and it killed more people in 25 weeks than AIDS did in its first 25 years.[40][41] Mass troop movements and close quarters during World War I caused it to spread and mutate faster; the susceptibility of soldiers to Spanish flu might have been increased due to stress, malnourishment and chemical attacks.[42] Improved transportation systems made it easier for soldiers, sailors, and civilian travelers to spread the disease.[43]
Aztecs dying of smallpox, Florentine Codex (compiled 1540–1585)
Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. Disease killed part of the native population of the Canary Islands in the 16th century (Guanches). Half the native population of Hispaniola in 1518 was killed by smallpox. Smallpox also ravaged Mexico in the 1520s, killing 150,000 in Tenochtitlán alone, including the emperor, and Peru in the 1530s, aiding the European conquerors.[44] Measles killed a further two million Mexican natives in the 17th century. In 1618–1619, smallpox wiped out 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans.[45] During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the Pacific Northwest Native Americans.[46] Smallpox epidemics in 1780–1782 and 1837–1838 brought devastation and drastic depopulation among the Plains Indians.[47] Some believe the death of up to 95% of the Native American population of the New World was caused by Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza.[48] Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity.[49]
Smallpox devastated the native population of Australia, killing around 50% of Indigenous Australians in the early years of British colonisation.[50] It also killed many New Zealand Māori.[51] As late as 1848–49, as many as 40,000 out of 150,000 Hawaiians are estimated to have died of measles, whooping cough and influenza. Introduced diseases, notably smallpox, nearly wiped out the native population of Easter Island.[52] Measles killed more than 40,000 Fijians, approximately one-third of the population, in 1875,[53] and in the early 21st century devastated the Andamanese population.[54] The Ainu population decreased drastically in the 19th century, due in large part to infectious diseases brought by Japanese settlers pouring into Hokkaido.[55]
Researchers concluded that syphilis was carried from the New World to Europe after Columbus' voyages. The findings suggested Europeans could have carried the nonvenereal tropical bacteria home, where the organisms may have mutated into a more deadly form in the different conditions of Europe.[56] The disease was more frequently fatal than it is today. Syphilis was a major killer in Europe during the Renaissance.[57] Between 1602 and 1796, the Dutch East India Company sent almost a million Europeans to work in Asia. Ultimately, fewer than a third made their way back to Europe. The majority died of diseases.[58] Disease killed more British soldiers in India and South Africa than war.[59]
As early as 1803, the Spanish Crown organized a mission (the Balmis expedition) to transport the smallpox vaccine to the Spanish colonies, and establish mass vaccination programs there.[60] By 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans.[61] From the beginning of the 20th century onwards, the elimination or control of disease in tropical countries became a driving force for all colonial powers.[62] The sleeping sickness epidemic in Africa was arrested due to mobile teams systematically screening millions of people at risk.[63] In the 20th century, the world saw the biggest increase in its population in human history due to lessening of the mortality rate in many countries due to medical advances.[64] The world population has grown from 1.6 billion in 1900 to an estimated 6.8 billion in 2011.[65]
Cholera[edit]
Main article: Cholera outbreaks and pandemics
Since it became widespread in the 19th century, cholera has killed tens of millions of people.[66]
1817–1824 cholera pandemic. Previously restricted to the Indian subcontinent, the pandemic began in Bengal, then spread across India by 1820. 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic.[67] It extended as far as China, Indonesia (where more than 100,000 people succumbed on the island of Java alone) and the Caspian Sea before receding. Deaths in the Indian subcontinent between 1817 and 1860 are estimated to have exceeded 15 million persons. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917. Russian deaths during a similar period exceeded 2 million.[68]
1826–1837 cholera pandemic. Reached Russia (see Cholera Riots), Hungary (about 100,000 deaths) and Germany in 1831, London in 1832 (more than 55,000 persons died in the United Kingdom),[69] France, Canada (Ontario), and United States (New York City) in the same year,[70] and the Pacific coast of North America by 1834. It is believed that more than 150,000 Americans died of cholera between 1832 and 1849.[71]
1846–1860 cholera pandemic. Deeply affected Russia, with more than a million deaths. A two-year outbreak began in England and Wales in 1848 and claimed 52,000 lives.[72] Throughout Spain, cholera caused more than 236,000 deaths in 1854–55.[73] It claimed 200,000 lives in Mexico.[74]
1863–75 cholera pandemic. Spread mostly in Europe and Africa. At least 30,000 of the 90,000 Mecca pilgrims fell victim to the disease. Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866.[75]
In 1866, there was an outbreak in North America. It killed some 50,000 Americans.[71]
1881–96 cholera pandemic. The 1883–1887 epidemic cost 250,000 lives in Europe and at least 50,000 in the Americas. Cholera claimed 267,890 lives in Russia (1892);[76] 120,000 in Spain;[77] 90,000 in Japan and 60,000 in Persia.
In 1892, cholera contaminated the water supply of Hamburg, and caused 8,606 deaths.[78]
1899–1923 cholera pandemic. Had little effect in Europe because of advances in public health, but Russia was badly affected again (more than 500,000 people dying of cholera during the first quarter of the 20th century).[79] The sixth pandemic killed more than 800,000 in India. The 1902–1904 cholera epidemic claimed more than 200,000 lives in the Philippines.[80]
1961–75 cholera pandemic. Began in Indonesia, called El Tor after the new biotype responsible for the pandemic, and reached Bangladesh in 1963, India in 1964, and the Soviet Union in 1966. Since then the pandemic has reached Africa, South America, and Central America.
Influenza[edit]
Main article: Influenza pandemic
Advice for travelers (in French and English) on the risks of epidemics abroad; posters from the Charles De Gaulle airport, Paris
The Greek physician Hippocrates, the "Father of Medicine", first described influenza in 412 BC.[81]
The first influenza pandemic was recorded in 1580, and since then, influenza pandemics occurred every 10 to 30 years.[82][83][84]
The 1889–1890 flu pandemic, also known as Russian Flu, was first reported in May 1889 in Bukhara, Uzbekistan. By October, it had reached Tomsk and the Caucasus. It rapidly spread west and hit North America in December 1889, South America in February–April 1890, India in February–March 1890, and Australia in March–April 1890. The H3N8 and H2N2 subtypes of the Influenza A virus have each been identified as possible causes. It had a very high attack and mortality rate, causing around a million fatalities.[85]
The "Spanish flu", 1918–1919. First identified early in March 1918 in U.S. troops training at Camp Funston, Kansas. By October 1918, it had spread to become a worldwide pandemic on all continents, and eventually infected about one-third of the world's population (or ≈500 million persons).[37] Unusually deadly and virulent, it ended almost as quickly as it began, vanishing completely within 18 months. Within six months, some 50 million people were dead;[37] some estimates put the total number of fatalities worldwide at over twice that number.[86] About 17 million died in India, 675,000 in the United States,[87] and 200,000 in the United Kingdom. The virus that caused Spanish flu was also implicated as a cause of encephalitis lethargica in children.[88] The virus was recently reconstructed by scientists at the CDC studying remains preserved by the Alaskan permafrost. The H1N1 virus has a small but crucial structure that is similar to the Spanish flu.[89]
The "Asian Flu", 1957–58. A H2N2 virus first identified in China in late February 1957. It caused about two million deaths globally.[90] The Asian flu spread to the United States by June 1957 and caused about 70,000 deaths in the U.S.
The "Hong Kong Flu", 1968–69. A H3N2 virus first detected in Hong Kong in early 1968, and spread to the United States later that year. This pandemic of 1968 and 1969 killed approximately one million people worldwide.[91] It caused about 34,000 deaths in the United States.
The "Swine Flu", 2009–10. An H1N1 virus first detected in Mexico in early 2009, and spread to the United States later that year. This pandemic was estimated to have killed around 284,000 people worldwide.[92][failed verification] It was estimated to have caused about 12,000 deaths in the United States alone.
Typhus[edit]
Typhus is sometimes called "camp fever" because of its pattern of flaring up in times of strife. (It is also known as "gaol fever" and "ship fever", for its habits of spreading wildly in cramped quarters, such as jails and ships.) Emerging during the Crusades, it had its first impact in Europe in 1489, in Spain. During fighting between the Christian Spaniards and the Muslims in Granada, the Spanish lost 3,000 to war casualties, and 20,000 to typhus. In 1528, the French lost 18,000 troops in Italy, and lost supremacy in Italy to the Spanish. In 1542, 30,000 soldiers died of typhus while fighting the Ottomans in the Balkans.
During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), about eight million Germans were killed by bubonic plague and typhus.[93] The disease also played a major role in the destruction of Napoleon's Grande Armée in Russia in 1812. During the retreat from Moscow, more French military personnel died of typhus than were killed by the Russians.[94] Of the 450,000 soldiers who crossed the Neman on 25 June 1812, fewer than 40,000 returned. More military personnel were killed from 1500–1914 by typhus than from military action.[95] In early 1813, Napoleon raised a new army of 500,000 to replace his Russian losses. In the campaign of that year, more than 219,000 of Napoleon's soldiers died of typhus.[96] Typhus played a major factor in the Irish Potato Famine. During World War I, typhus epidemics killed more than 150,000 in Serbia. There were about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus in Russia from 1918 to 1922.[96] Typhus also killed numerous prisoners in the Nazi concentration camps and Soviet prisoner of war camps during World War II. More than 3.5 million Soviet POWs died out of the 5.7 million in Nazi custody.[97]
Smallpox[edit]
A child with smallpox infection, c. 1908
Smallpox was a contagious disease caused by the variola virus. The disease killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans per year during the closing years of the 18th century.[98] During the 20th century, it is estimated that smallpox was responsible for 300–500 million deaths.[99][100] As recently as the early 1950s, an estimated 50 million cases of smallpox occurred in the world each year.[101] After successful vaccination campaigns throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the WHO certified the eradication of smallpox in December 1979. To this day, smallpox is the only human infectious disease to have been completely eradicated,[102] and one of two infectious viruses ever to be eradicated along with rinderpest.[103]
Measles[edit]
Historically, measles was prevalent throughout the world, as it is highly contagious. According to the U.S. National Immunization Program, 90% of people were infected with measles by age 15. Before the vaccine was introduced in 1963, there were an estimated three to four million cases in the U.S. each year.[104] Measles killed around 200 million people worldwide over the last 150 years.[105] In 2000 alone, measles killed some 777,000 worldwide out of 40 million cases globally.[106]
Measles is an endemic disease, meaning it has been continually present in a community, and many people develop resistance. In populations that have not been exposed to measles, exposure to a new disease can be devastating. In 1529, a measles outbreak in Cuba killed two-thirds of the natives who had previously survived smallpox.[107] The disease had ravaged Mexico, Central America, and the Inca civilization.[108]
Tuberculosis[edit]
In 2007, the prevalence of TB per 100,000 people was highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, and was also relatively high in Asian countries like India.
One-quarter of the world's current population has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and new infections occur at a rate of one per second.[109] About 5–10% of these latent infections will eventually progress to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than half its victims. Annually, eight million people become ill with tuberculosis, and two million die from the disease worldwide.[110] In the 19th century, tuberculosis killed an estimated one-quarter of the adult population of Europe;[111] by 1918, one in six deaths in France were still caused by tuberculosis. During the 20th century, tuberculosis killed approximately 100 million people.[105] TB is still one of the most important health problems in the developing world.[112]
Leprosy[edit]
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is caused by a bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. It is a chronic disease with an incubation period of up to five years. Since 1985, 15 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy.[113]
Historically, leprosy has affected people since at least 600 BC.[114] Leprosy outbreaks began to occur in Western Europe around 1000 AD.[115][116] Numerous leprosoria, or leper hospitals, sprang up in the Middle Ages; Matthew Paris estimated that in the early 13th century, there were 19,000 of them across Europe.[117]
Malaria[edit]
Past and current malaria prevalence in 2009
Malaria is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Each year, there are approximately 350–500 million cases of malaria.[118] Drug resistance poses a growing problem in the treatment of malaria in the 21st century, since resistance is now common against all classes of antimalarial drugs, except for the artemisinins.[119]
Malaria was once common in most of Europe and North America, where it is now for all purposes non-existent.[120] Malaria may have contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire.[121] The disease became known as "Roman fever".[122] Plasmodium falciparum became a real threat to colonists and indigenous people alike when it was introduced into the Americas along with the slave trade. Malaria devastated the Jamestown colony and regularly ravaged the South and Midwest of the United States. By 1830, it had reached the Pacific Northwest.[123] During the American Civil War, there were more than 1.2 million cases of malaria among soldiers of both sides.[124] The southern U.S. continued to be afflicted with millions of cases of malaria into the 1930s.[125]
Yellow fever[edit]
Yellow fever has been a source of several devastating epidemics.[126] Cities as far north as New York, Philadelphia, and Boston were hit with epidemics. In 1793, one of the largest yellow fever epidemics in U.S. history killed as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia—roughly 10% of the population. About half of the residents had fled the city, including President George Washington.[127] In colonial times, West Africa became known as "the white man's grave" because of malaria and yellow fever.[128]
Concerns about future pandemics[edit]
See also: Pandemic prevention
Antibiotic resistance[edit]
Main article: Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", may contribute to the re-emergence of diseases which are currently well controlled.[129] For example, cases of tuberculosis that are resistant to traditionally effective treatments remain a cause of great concern to health professionals. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide.[130] China and India have the highest rate of multidrug-resistant TB.[131] The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that approximately 50 million people worldwide are infected with MDR TB, with 79 percent of those cases resistant to three or more antibiotics. In 2005, 124 cases of MDR TB were reported in the United States. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB) was identified in Africa in 2006, and subsequently discovered to exist in 49 countries, including the United States. There are about 40,000 new cases of XDR-TB per year, the WHO estimates.[132]
In the past 20 years, common bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens and Enterococcus, have developed resistance to various antibiotics such as vancomycin, as well as whole classes of antibiotics, such as the aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. Antibiotic-resistant organisms have become an important cause of healthcare-associated (nosocomial) infections (HAI). In addition, infections caused by community-acquired strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in otherwise healthy individuals have become more frequent in recent years.
Viral hemorrhagic fevers[edit]
Viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola virus disease, Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, Marburg virus disease and Bolivian hemorrhagic fever are highly contagious and deadly diseases, with the theoretical potential to become pandemics.[133] Their ability to spread efficiently enough to cause a pandemic is limited, however, as transmission of these viruses requires close contact with the infected vector, and the vector has only a short time before death or serious illness. Furthermore, the short time between a vector becoming infectious and the onset of symptoms allows medical professionals to quickly quarantine vectors, and prevent them from carrying the pathogen elsewhere. Genetic mutations could occur, which could elevate their potential for causing widespread harm; thus close observation by contagious disease specialists is merited.[citation needed]
Coronaviruses[edit]
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A new strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19.[134]
COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the WHO on 11 March 2020.
Some coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people. Detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans, and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans. Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans. Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. Standard recommendations to prevent the spread of infection include regular hand washing, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, thoroughly cooking meat and eggs, and avoiding close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing. The recommended distance from other people is 6 feet, a practice more commonly called social distancing.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome[edit]
In 2003 the Italian physician Carlo Urbani (1956–2003) was the first to identify severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) as a new and dangerously contagious disease, although he became infected and died. It is caused by a coronavirus dubbed SARS-CoV. Rapid action by national and international health authorities such as the World Health Organization helped to slow transmission and eventually broke the chain of transmission, which ended the localized epidemics before they could become a pandemic. However, the disease has not been eradicated and could re-emerge. This warrants monitoring and reporting of suspicious cases of atypical pneumonia.[135]
Influenza[edit]
Main article: Influenza pandemic
President Barack Obama is briefed in the Situation Room about the 2009 flu pandemic, which killed as many as 17,000 Americans.[136]
Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a range of influenza A viruses. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted from these species to other species, and may then cause outbreaks in domestic poultry or, rarely, in humans.[137][138]
H5N1 (Avian flu)[edit]
Main article: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
In February 2004, avian influenza virus was detected in birds in Vietnam, increasing fears of the emergence of new variant strains. It is feared that if the avian influenza virus combines with a human influenza virus (in a bird or a human), the new subtype created could be both highly contagious and highly lethal in humans. Such a subtype could cause a global influenza pandemic, similar to the Spanish flu or the lower mortality pandemics such as the Asian Flu and the Hong Kong Flu.
From October 2004 to February 2005, some 3,700 test kits of the 1957 Asian Flu virus were accidentally spread around the world from a lab in the U.S.[139]
In May 2005, scientists urgently called upon nations to prepare for a global influenza pandemic that could strike as much as 20% of the world's population.[140]
In October 2005, cases of the avian flu (the deadly strain H5N1) were identified in Turkey. EU Health Commissioner Markos Kyprianou said: "We have received now confirmation that the virus found in Turkey is an avian flu H5N1 virus. There is a direct relationship with viruses found in Russia, Mongolia and China." Cases of bird flu were also identified shortly thereafter in Romania, and then Greece. Possible cases of the virus have also been found in Croatia, Bulgaria and the United Kingdom.[141]
By November 2007, numerous confirmed cases of the H5N1 strain had been identified across Europe.[142] However, by the end of October, only 59 people had died as a result of H5N1, which was atypical of previous influenza pandemics.
Avian flu cannot be categorized as a "pandemic" because the virus cannot yet cause sustained and efficient human-to-human transmission. Cases so far are recognized to have been transmitted from bird to human, but as of December 2006 there had been few (if any) cases of proven human-to-human transmission.[143] Regular influenza viruses establish infection by attaching to receptors in the throat and lungs, but the avian influenza virus can attach only to receptors located deep in the lungs of humans, requiring close, prolonged contact with infected patients, and thus limiting person-to-person transmission.
Zika virus[edit]
Main articles: 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, Zika virus, and Zika fever
An outbreak of Zika virus began in 2015 and strongly intensified throughout the start of 2016, with more than 1.5 million cases across more than a dozen countries in the Americas. The World Health Organization warned that Zika had the potential to become an explosive global pandemic if the outbreak was not controlled.[144]
Economic consequences[edit]
In 2016, the Commission on a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future estimated that pandemic disease events would cost the global economy over $6 trillion in the 21st century—over $60 billion per year.[145] The same report recommended spending $4.5 billion annually on global prevention and response capabilities to reduce the threat posed by pandemic events.
Biological warfare[edit]
Further information: Biological warfare
In 1346, according to secondhand and uncorroborated accounts by Mussi, the bodies of Mongol warriors who had died of plague were thrown over the walls of the besieged Crimean city of Kaffa (now Theodosia). After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering the disease, they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls to infect the inhabitants. It has been speculated that this operation may have been responsible for the arrival of the Black Death in Europe. However, historians believe it would have taken far too long for the bodies to become contagious.[146]
The Native American population was devastated after contact with the Old World by introduction of many fatal diseases.[147][148][149] In a well documented case of germ warfare involving British commander Jeffery Amherst and Swiss-British officer Colonel Henry Bouquet, their correspondence included a proposal and agreement to give smallpox-infected blankets to Indians in order to "Extirpate this Execrable Race". During the siege of Fort Pitt late in the French and Indian War, as recorded in his journal by sundries trader and militia Captain, William Trent, on 24 June 1763, dignitaries from the Delaware tribe met with Fort Pitt officials, warned them of "great numbers of Indians" coming to attack the fort, and pleaded with them to leave the fort while there was still time. The commander of the fort refused to abandon the fort. Instead, the British gave as gifts two blankets, one silk handkerchief and one linen from the smallpox hospital to two Delaware Indian dignitaries.[150] The dignitaries were met again later and they seemingly hadn't contracted smallpox.[151] A relatively small outbreak of smallpox had begun spreading earlier that spring, with a hundred dying from it among Native American tribes in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes area through 1763 and 1764.[151] The effectiveness of the biological warfare itself remains unknown, and the method used is inefficient compared to respiratory transmission and these attempts to spread the disease are difficult to differentiate from epidemics occurring from previous contacts with colonists,[152] as smallpox outbreaks happened every dozen or so years.[153] However historian Francis Jennings believes that the attempt at biological warfare was "unquestionably effective at Fort Pitt".[154]
During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), Unit 731 of the Imperial Japanese Army conducted human experimentation on thousands, mostly Chinese. In military campaigns, the Japanese army used biological weapons on Chinese soldiers and civilians. Plague fleas, infected clothing, and infected supplies encased in bombs were dropped on various targets. The resulting cholera, anthrax, and plague were estimated to have killed around 400,000 Chinese civilians.
Diseases considered for or known to be used as a weapon include anthrax, ebola, Marburg virus, plague, cholera, typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, brucellosis, Q fever, machupo, Coccidioides mycosis, Glanders, Melioidosis, Shigella, Psittacosis, Japanese B encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, and smallpox.[155]
Spores of weaponized anthrax were accidentally released from a military facility near the Soviet closed city of Sverdlovsk in 1979. The Sverdlovsk anthrax leak is sometimes called "biological Chernobyl".[155] In January 2009, an Al-Qaeda training camp in Algeria was reportedly wiped out by the plague, killing approximately 40 Islamic extremists. Some experts said the group was developing biological weapons,[156] however, a couple of days later the Algerian Health Ministry flatly denied this rumour stating "No case of plague of any type has been recorded in any region of Algeria since 2003".[157]
In popular culture[edit]
This section contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (March 2020)
Pieter Bruegel's The Triumph of Death (c. 1562) reflects the social upheaval and terror that followed the plague that devastated medieval Europe.
Pandemics appear in multiple fiction works. A common use is in disaster films, where the protagonists must avoid the effects of the plague, for example zombies.[clarification needed]
Literature
The Decameron, a 14th-century writing by Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio, circa 1353
The Last Man, an 1826 novel by Mary Shelley
The Betrothed, an 1842 historical novel by Alessandro Manzoni describing the plague that struck Milan around 1630.
Pale Horse, Pale Rider, a 1939 short novel by Katherine Anne Porter
The Plague, a 1947 novel by Albert Camus
Earth Abides, a 1949 novel by George R. Stewart
I Am Legend, a 1954 science fiction/horror novel by American writer Richard Matheson
The Andromeda Strain, a 1969 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton
The Last Canadian, a 1974 novel by William C. Heine
The Black Death, a 1977 novel by Gwyneth Cravens describing an outbreak of the Pneumonic plague in New York[158]
The Stand, a 1978 novel by Stephen King
And the Band Played On, a 1987 non-fiction account by Randy Shilts about the emergence and discovery of the HIV / AIDS pandemic
Doomsday Book, a 1992 time-travel novel by Connie Willis
The Last Town on Earth, a 2006 novel by Thomas Mullen
World War Z, a 2006 novel by Max Brooks
Company of Liars (2008), by Karen Maitland
The Passage trilogy by Justin Cronin with The Passage (2010), The Twelve (2012), and The City of Mirrors (2016)
Station Eleven, a 2014 novel by Emily St. John Mandel
Film
The Seventh Seal (1957), set during the Black Death
The Last Man on Earth (1964), a horror/science fiction film based on the Richard Matheson novel I Am Legend
Andromeda Strain (1971), a U.S. science fiction film based on the 1969 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton.
The Omega Man (1971), an English science fiction film, based on the Richard Matheson novel I Am Legend
And the Band Played On (film) (1993), a HBO movie about the emergence of the HIV / AIDS pandemic; based on the 1987 non-fiction book by journalistRandy Shilts
The Stand (1994), based on the eponymous novel by Stephen King about a worldwide pandemic of biblical proportions
The Horseman on the Roof (Le Hussard sur le Toit) (1995), a French film dealing with an 1832 cholera outbreak
Twelve Monkeys (1995), set in a future world devastated by a man-made virus
Outbreak (1995), fiction film focusing on an outbreak of an Ebola-like virus in Zaire and later in a small town in California.
Smallpox 2002 (2002), a fictional BBC docudrama
28 Days Later (2002), a fictional horror film following the outbreak of an infectious 'Rage' virus that destroys all of mainland Britain
Yesterday (2004), a movie about the social aspects of the AIDS crisis in Africa.
End Day (2005), a fictional BBC docudrama
I Am Legend (2007), a post-apocalyptic action thriller film film starring Will Smith based on the Richard Matheson novel I Am Legend
28 Weeks Later (2007), the sequel film to 28 Days Later, ending with the evident spread of infection to mainland Europe
The Happening (2008), a fictional suspense film about an epidemic caused by an unknown neurotoxin that induces human suicides to reduce population and restore ecological balance
Doomsday (2008), in which Scotland is quarantined following an epidemic
Black Death (2010) action horror film set during the time of the first outbreak of bubonic plague in England
After Armageddon (2010), fictional History Channel docudrama
Contagion (2011), American thriller centering on the threat posed by a deadly disease and an international team of doctors contracted by the CDC to deal with the outbreak
How to Survive a Plague (2012), a documentary film about the early years of the AIDS epidemic
World War Z (2013) American apocalyptic action horror film based on the novel by Max Brooks
The Normal Heart (2014), film depicts the rise of the HIV-AIDS crisis in New York City between 1981 and 1984
Television
Spanish Flu: The Forgotten Fallen (2009), a television drama
Helix (2014–2015), a television series that depicts a team of scientists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) who are tasked to prevent pandemics from occurring.
The Last Man on Earth (2015–2018), a television series about a group of survivors after a pandemic has wiped out most life (humans and animals) on Earth
12 Monkeys (2015–2018), a television series that depicts James Cole, a time traveler, who travels from the year 2043 to the present day to stop the release of a deadly virus.
Survivors (1975–1977), classic BBC series created by Terry Nation. The series follows a group of people as they come to terms with the aftermath of a world pandemic.
Survivors (2008), BBC series, loosely based on the Terry Nation book which came after the series, instead of a retelling of the original TV series.
The Last Train 1999 written by Matthew Graham
World Without End (2012), chronicles the experiences of the medieval English town of Kingsbridge during the outbreak of the Black Death, based on Ken Follett's 2007 novel of the same name.
The Hot Zone (2019), a television series based on the 1994 non-fiction book of the same name by Richard Preston.
Pandemic: How to Prevent an Outbreak (2020), Netflix's docuseries
The Walking Dead (2010–), a virus appears that kills people and then revives them by turning them into zombies. An Atlanta group will try to survive in this new, post-apocalyptic world
Games
Resident Evil series (1996-2020), video game series focusing on T-virus pandemic and eventual zombie apocalypse as part of a bioterrorism act. The video games later evolved to be focusing on parasites and bioweapons.
Deus Ex, A World Wide Plague known as grey death infects the world created by Majestic 12 to bring about population reduction and New World order.
Pandemic (2008), a cooperative board game in which the players have to discover the cures for four diseases that break out at the same time.
Plague Inc. (2012), a smartphone game from Ndemic Creations, where the goal is to kill off the human race with a plague.
The Last of Us (2013), a post-apocalyptic survival game centred around an outbreak of a Cordyceps-like fungal infection.
Tom Clancy's The Division (2015) A video game about a bioterrorist attack that has devastated the United States and thrown New York into anarchy.
See also[edit]
Pandemic portal
iconViruses portal
List of epidemics
Biological hazard
Bushmeat
Compartmental models in epidemiology
Crowdmapping
Disease X
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
Medieval demography
Mortality from infectious diseases
Pandemic severity index
Public health emergency of international concern
Super-spreader
Syndemic
Tropical disease
Timeline of global health
WHO pandemic phases
Notes[edit]
^ For clarification, WHO does not use the old system of six phases—ranging from phase 1 (no reports of animal influenza causing human infections) to phase 6 (a pandemic)—that some people may be familiar with from H1N1 in 2009.
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Huge and Tall
Hears you Cry
Hears Your Call
Saves you each Time
before You Fall
whatever your religiosity
he removes obstacles
he sees there are no pitfalls
no terrorists can breach
our city's walls
Mutual Coexistence
Be Proud Indians
on our Souls he scrawls
our greatest enemy
our bigotry
our narrow mindedness
our hate for each other
that hits the nation
first of all
before being
a hindu muslim christian
be an Indian
says it all
miljul ke rehne
main hi bhaliee hai
our mantra
of peace
the greatest cure all
dont sell your country
for american dollars
or saudi riyal
from wikipedia
Ganesha (Sanskrit: गणेश; Gaṇeśa; listen (help·info), also spelled Ganesa or Ganesh) is one of the best-known and most worshipped deities in Hinduism[8]. Although he is known by many other attributes, Ganesha's elephant head makes him easy to identify.[9] Several texts relate mythological anecdotes associated with his birth and exploits, and explain his distinct iconography. Ganesha is worshipped as the lord of beginnings and as the lord of obstacles (Vighnesha),[10] patron of arts and sciences, and the god of intellect and wisdom.[11] He is honoured with affection at the start of any ritual or ceremony and invoked as the "Patron of Letters" at the beginning of any writing.[12]
Ganesha appears as a distinct deity in clearly-recognizable form beginning in the fourth to fifth centuries, during the Gupta Period. His popularity rose quickly, and he was formally included as one of the five primary deities of Smartism (a Hindu denomination) in the ninth century. During this period, a sect of devotees (called Ganapatya; Sanskrit: गाणपत्य; gāṇapatya) who identify Ganesha as the supreme deity was formed.[13] The principal scriptures dedicated to his worship are the Ganesha Purana, the Mudgala Purana, and the Ganapati Atharvashirsa.
Ganesha is one of the most-worshipped divinities in India.[14][15] Worship of Ganesha is considered complementary with the worship of other forms of the divine, and various Hindu sects worship him regardless of other affiliations.[16][17][18] Devotion to Ganesha is widely diffused and extends to Jains, Buddhists, and beyond India.
Ganesha has many other titles and epithets, including Ganapati and Vighneśvara. The Hindu title of respect Shri (Sanskrit: श्री; śrī, also spelled Sri or Shree) is often added before his name. One popular form of Ganesha worship is by chanting one of the Ganesha Sahasranamas, which literally means "a thousand names of Ganesha". Each name in the sahasranama conveys a different meaning and symbolises a different aspect of Ganesha. There are at least two different versions of the Ganesha Sahasranama. One of these is drawn from the Ganesha Purana, a Hindu scripture that venerates Ganesha.[24]
The name Ganesha is a Sanskrit compound, joining the words gana (Sanskrit: गण; gaṇa), meaning a group, multitude, or categorical system and isha (Sanskrit: ईश; īśa), meaning lord or master.[25][26] The word gaņa in association with Ganesha is often taken to refer to the gaņas, a troop of semi-divine beings that form part of the retinue of Shiva (also spelled "Śiva").[27] The term more generally means a category, class, community, association, or corporation.[28] Some commentators interpret the name "Lord of the Gaņas" to mean "Lord of created categories," such as the elements, etc.[29] The translation "Lord of Hosts" may convey a familiar sense to Western readers. Ganapati (Sanskrit: गणपति; gaṇapati) is a synonym for Ganesha, being a compound composed of gaṇa, meaning "group", and pati, meaning "ruler" or "lord").[30]
Vināyaka is a common name for Ganesha both in the Purāṇas and in Buddhist Tantras.[31] This name is reflected in the naming of the eight famous Ganesha (aṣṭavināyaka) temples in Maharashtra.[32] The name Vignesha, meaning "Lord of Obstacles", refers to his primary function in Hindu mythology as being able to both create and remove obstacles (vighna).
One of the main names for Ganesha in the Tamil language is Pille or Pillaiyar, which means "Little Child".[33] A. K. Narain differentiates these terms by saying that pille means a "child" and pillaiyar a "noble child", and adds that the words pallu, pella, and pell in the Dravidian family of languages signify "tooth or tusk of an elephant" but more generally "elephant".[34] In discussing the name Pillaiyar, Anita Raina Thapan notes that since the Pali word pillaka has the significance of "a young elephant" it is possible that pille originally meant "the young of the elephant".[35]
Ganesha is a popular figure in Indian art.[36] Unlike some deities, representations of Ganesha show wide variation with distinct patterns changing over time.[37][38][39] He may be portrayed standing, dancing, taking heroic action against demons, playing with his family as a boy, sitting down, or engaging in a remarkable range of contemporary situations.
Ganesha images were prevalent in many parts of India by the sixth century.[40] The figure shown to the right is typical of Ganesha statuary from 900-1200, after Ganesha had been well-established as an independent deity with his own cult. This example features some of Ganesha's common iconographic elements. A virtually identical statue has been dated between 973-1200 by Martin-Dubost[41] and another similar statue is dated circa twelfth century by Pal.[42] He has the head of an elephant and a big belly. This statue has four arms, which is common in depictions of Ganesha . He holds his own broken tusk in his lower-right hand and holds some form of delicacy, which he samples with his trunk in his lower-left hand. The motif of Ganesha turning his trunk sharply to his left to taste a sweet which he holds in his lower-left hand is a particularly archaic feature.[43] A more primitive statue in one of the Ellora Caves with this general form has been dated to the 7th century.[44] Details of the other hands are difficult to make out on the statue shown; in this standard configuration, Ganesha typically holds either an axe or a goad in one upper arm and a noose in the other upper arm as symbols of his ability to cut through obstacles or to create them as needed.
The influence of this old constellation of iconographic elements can still be seen in contemporary representations of Ganesha. In one modern form, the only variation from these old elements is that the lower-right hand does not hold the broken tusk but rather is turned toward the viewer in the gesture of protection or "no fear" (abhaya mudra).[45][46] The same combination of four arms and attributes occurs in statues of Ganesha dancing,[47] which is a very popular theme.[48]
Ganesha has been represented with the head of an elephant since the early stages of his appearance in Indian art.[50] Puranic myths provide many explanations for how he got this form.[51] One of his popular forms (called Heramba-Ganapati) has five elephant heads, and other less-common variations in the number of heads are known.[52]
While some texts say that Ganesha was born with an elephant head, in most stories he acquires the head later, with several accounts given.[53] The most common motif in these stories is that Ganesha was born with a human head and body and that Shiva beheaded him when Ganesha came between Shiva and Parvati. Shiva then replaced Ganesha's original head with that of an elephant.[54] Details of the battle and where the replacement head came from vary according to different sources.[55] In another story, when Ganesha was born his mother Parvati showed off her new baby to the other gods. Unfortunately, the god Shani (Saturn) – who is said to have the "evil eye" – looked at him, causing the baby's head to be burned to ashes. The god Vishnu came to the rescue and replaced the missing head with that of an elephant.[56] Another story tells that Ganesha is created directly by Shiva's laughter. Shiva became concerned that Ganesha was too alluring, so he cursed Ganesha to have the head of an elephant and a protruding belly.[57]
The earliest name referring to Ganesha is Ekadanta ("One Tusk"), noting his single tusk; the other is broken off. [58] Some of the earliest images of Ganesha show him holding his broken tusk.[59] The importance of this distinctive feature is reflected in the Mudgala Purana, which states that the name of Ganesha's second incarnation is Ekadanta.[60]
Ganesha's protruding belly appears as a distinctive attribute in his earliest statuary, which dates to the Gupta period (4th to 6th centuries).[61] This feature is so important that according to the Mudgala Purana two different incarnations of Ganesha use names based on it, Lambodara ("Pot Belly", or literally "Hanging Belly") and Mahodara ("Great Belly").[62] Both names are Sanskrit compounds describing his belly (Sanskrit: udara).[63] The Brahmanda Purana says that he has the name Lambodara because all the universes (i.e., cosmic eggs; Sanskrit brahmāṇḍas) of the past, present, and future are present in Ganesha.[64][65]
The number of Ganesha's arms varies; his best-known forms have between two and sixteen arms.[66] Many depictions of Ganesha feature four arms, which is mentioned in Puranic sources and codified as a standard form in some iconographic texts.[67] His earliest images had two arms.[68][69] Forms with fourteen and twenty arms appeared in Central India during the 9th and 10th century.[70]
The serpent is a common element in Ganesha iconography, where it appears in many forms.[71][72] According to the Ganesha Purana, Ganesha wrapped the serpent Vāsuki around his neck.[73][74] Other common depictions of snakes include use as a sacred thread (Sanskrit: yajñyopavīta),[75][76] wrapped around the stomach as a belt, held in a hand, coiled at the ankles, and as a throne. Upon Ganesha's forehead there may be either a third eye or a sectarian mark (Sanskrit: tilaka) of Shiva showing three horizontal lines.[77][78] The Ganesha Purana prescribes both a tilaka mark as well as a crescent moon for the forehead.[79][80][81] A distinct form called Bhālacandra ("Moon on the Forehead") includes that iconographic element.[82][83]
The colors most often associated with Ganesha are red [84] and yellow, but specific other colors are prescribed in certain forms.[85] Many examples of color associations with specific meditation forms are prescribed in the Sritattvanidhi, a treatise on iconography that includes a section on variant forms of Ganesha. For example, white is associated with his representations as Heramba-Ganapati and Rina-Mochana-Ganapati.("Ganapati Who Releases From Bondage").[86] Ekadanta-Ganapati is visualized as blue during meditation on that form.[
The earliest Ganesha images are without a Vahana (mount).[88] Of the eight incarnations of Ganesha described in the Mudgala Purana, Ganesha has a mouse in five of them, but uses a lion in his incarnation as Vakratunda, a peacock in his incarnation of Vikata, and Shesha, the divine serpent, in his incarnation as Vighnaraja.[89] Of the four incarnations of Ganesha listed in the Ganesha Purana, Mohotkata has a lion, Mayūreśvara has a peacock, Dhumraketu has a horse, and Gajanana has a rat.[90][91] Jain depictions of Ganesha show his vahana variously as a mouse,[92] an elephant,[93] a tortoise, a ram, or a peacock.[94]
Mouse as vahana
Ganesha riding on his mouse. A sculpture at the Vaidyeshwara temple in Talakkadu, Karnataka, India. Note the red flowers offered by the devotees.Ganesha is often shown riding on, or attended by a mouse.[95][96] Martin-Dubost says that in central and western India the rat began to appear as the principal vehicle in sculptures of Gaṇeśa in the 7th century A.D., where the rat was always placed close to his feet.[97] The mouse as a mount first appears in written sources in the Matsya Purana, and later in the Brahmananda Purana and Ganesha Purana where Ganesha uses it as his vehicle only in his last incarnation.[98] The Ganapati Atharvashirsa includes a meditation verse on Ganesha that describes the mouse appearing on his flag.[99] The names Mūṣakavāhana ("Mouse-mount") and Ākhuketana ("Rat-banner") appear in the Ganesha Sahasranama.[100]
Devotee literature provides a variety of interpretations regarding what the mouse means. Michael Wilcockson says it symbolizes those who wish to overcome desires and be less selfish.[101] Martin-Dubost thinks it is a symbol of the fact that Ganesha, like the rat, penetrates even the most secret places.[102] Krishan gives a completely different interpretation, noting that the rat is a destructive creature and a menace to crops. The Sanskrit word mūṣaka (mouse) is derived from the root mūṣ which means "stealing, robbing". It was essential to subdue the rat as a destructive pest, a type of vighna (impediment) that needed to be overcome. In this theory, showing Ganesha as master of the rat proclaims his function as Vigneshvara and gives evidence of his possible role as a folk grāmata-devatā (village deity) who later rose to greater prominence.[103]
Buddhi
Ganesha is considered to be the Lord of Intelligence.[108] In Sanskrit, the word buddhi is a feminine noun that is variously translated as intelligence, wisdom, or intellect.[109] The concept of buddhi is closely associated with the personality of Ganesha, especially in the Puranic period, where many stories showcase his cleverness and love of intelligence. One of Ganesha's names in the Ganesha Purana and the Ganesha Sahasranama is Buddhipriya.[110] This name also appears in a special list of twenty-one names that Gaṇeśa says are of special importance at the end of the Ganesha Sahasranama.[111] The word priya can mean "fond of", but in a marital context, it can mean "lover" or "husband". Buddhipriya probably refers to Ganesha's well-known association with intelligence.
This association with wisdom also appears in the name Buddha, which appears as a name of Ganesha in the second verse of the Ganesha Purana version of the Ganesha Sahasranama.[112] The positioning of this name at the beginning of the Ganesha Sahasranama reveals the name's importance. Bhaskararaya's commentary on the Ganesha Sahasranama says that this name means that the Buddha was an avatar of Ganesha.[113] This interpretation is not widely known even among Ganapatya. Buddha is not mentioned in the lists of Ganesha's incarnations given in the main sections of the Ganesha Purana and Mudgala Purana. Bhaskararaya also provides a more general interpretation of this name as simply meaning that Ganesha's very form is "eternal elightenment" (nityabuddaḥ), so he is named Buddha.
[edit] Aum
Ganesha (Devanagari) Aum jewelGanesha is identified with the Hindu mantra Aum (ॐ, also called Om, Omkara, oṃkāra, or Aumkara). The term oṃkārasvarūpa ("Aum is his form") in connection with Ganesha refers to this belief that he is the personification of the primal sound.[114] This association is attested in the Ganapati Atharvashirsa. The relevant passage is translated by Paul Courtright as follows:
You are Brahmā, Vişņu, and Rudra [Śiva]. You are Agni, Vāyu, and Sūrya. You are Candrama. You are earth, space, and heaven. You are the manifestation of the mantra "Oṃ".[115]
A variant version of this passage is translated by Chinmayananda as follows:
(O Lord Ganapati!) You are (the Trinity) Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesa. You are Indra. You are fire and air. You are the sun and the moon. You are Brahman. You are (the three worlds) Bhuloka, Antariksha-loka, and Swargaloka. You are Om. (that is to say, You are all this).[116]
Some devotees see similarities between the shape of his body and the shape of Om in the Devanāgarī and Tamil scripts.[117]
[edit] First chakra
Ganesha is associated with the first or "root" chakra (mūlādhāra). This association is attested in the Ganapati Atharvashirsa. As translated by Courtright this passage reads:
You continually dwell in the sacral plexus at the base of the spine [mūlādhāra cakra].[118]
A variant version of this passage is translated by Chinmayananda:
You have a permanent abode (in every being) at the place called "Muladhara".[119]
[edit] Family and consorts
Shiva and Pārvatī giving a bath to Gaṇeśa. Kangra miniature, 18th century. Allahbad Museum, New Delhi.[120]For more details on this topic, see Consorts of Ganesha.
While Ganesha is popularly considered to be the son of Shiva and Parvati, the Puranic myths relate several different versions of his birth.[121][122] These include versions in which he is created by Shiva,[123] by Parvati,[124] by Shiva and Parvati,[125] or in a mysterious manner that is discovered by Shiva and Parvati.[126]
The family includes his brother Skanda, who is also called Karttikeya, Murugan, and other names.[127][128] Regional differences dictate the order of their births. In North India, Skanda is generally said to be the elder brother while in the South, Ganesha is considered the first born.[129] Prior to the emergence of Ganesha, Skanda had a long and glorious history as an important martial deity from about 500 BCE to about 600 CE, when his worship declined significantly in North India. The period of this decline is concurrent with the rise of Ganesha. Several stories relate episodes of sibling rivalry between Ganesha and Skanda[130] and may reflect historical tensions between the respective sects.[131]
Ganesha's marital status varies widely in mythological stories and the issue has been the subject of considerable scholarly review.[132] One pattern of myths identifies Ganesha as a brahmacharin (brahmacārin; celibate).[133] Another pattern associates him with the concepts of Buddhi (intellect), Siddhi (spiritual power), and Riddhi (prosperity); these qualities are sometimes personified by goddesses who are considered to be Ganesha's wives. A third pattern couples Ganesha with the goddess of culture and the arts, Sarasvati, and the goddess of luck and prosperity, Lakshmi, symbolically indicating that these qualities always accompany one other. A fourth pattern mainly prevalent in the Bengal region links Ganesha with the banana tree, Kala Bo.
[edit] Buddhi, Siddhi, and Riddhi
Shri Mayureshwar, MorgaonThe Ganesha Purana and the Mudgala Purana contain descriptions of Ganesha flanked by Buddhi and Siddhi.[134] In Chapter I.18.24-39 of the Ganesha Purana, Brahmā performs worship in honour of Ganesha. During the puja, Ganesha himself causes Buddhi and Siddhi to appear so that Brahmā can offer them back to Ganesha. Ganesha accepts them as offerings.[135] In a variant, the two are born from Brahmā's mind and are given by Brahmā to Ganesha.[135] Buddhi and Siddhi are best identified as his consorts in the Shiva Purana, where Ganesha cleverly wins the two desirable daugters of Prajāpati over Skanda.[136] The Shiva Purana version says that Ganesha had two sons: Kshema (Kşema, prosperity) and Labha (profit). The 1975 Hindi film Jai Santoshi Maa shows Ganesha married to Riddhi and Siddhi and having a daughter named Santoshi Ma, the goddess of satisfaction. However, this story has no Puranic basis. Anita Raina Thapan and Lawrence Cohen cite Santoshi Ma's cult as evidence of Ganesha's continuing evolution as a popular deity.[137][138]
Representations of Ganesha's consorts can be found aside from Puranic texts. In the Ganesha Temple at Morgaon (the central shrine for the regional aṣṭavināyaka complex), Buddhi and Siddhi stand to the right and left sides of the Ganesha image.[139] In northern India, the two female figures are said to be Siddhi and Riddhi; Riddhi substitutes for Buddhi with no Puranic basis.[140] The Ajitāgama describes a Tantric form of Ganesha called Haridra Ganapati as turmeric-colored and flanked by two unnamed wives distinct from shaktis.[141] The word "wives" (Sanskrit: दारा; dārā) is specifically used (Sanskrit: दारायुगलम्; dārāyugalam).[142]
[edit] Interpretations of relationships
Ganesha with the Ashta (meaning eight) Siddhi. The Ashtasiddhi are associated with Ganesha. Painted by Raja Ravi Varma (1848-1906).In discussing the Shiva Purana version, Courtright comments that while Ganesha is sometimes depicted as sitting between these two feminine deities, "these women are more like feminine emanations of his androgynous nature, Shaktis rather than spouses having their own characters and spouses."[143] Ludo Rocher says that "descriptions of Gaṇeśa as siddhi-buddhi-samanvita 'accompanied by, followed by siddhi and buddhi.' often seem to mean no more than that, when Gaṇeśa is present, siddhi 'success' and buddhi 'wisdom' are not far behind. Such may well have been the original conception, of which the marriage was a later development."[144] In verse 49a of the Ganesha Purana version of the Ganesha Sahasranama, one of Ganesha's names is Ŗddhisiddhipravardhana ("Enhancer of material and spiritual success"). The Matsya Purana identifies Gaṇesha as the "owner" of Riddhi (prosperity) and Buddhi (wisdom).[145] In discussing the northern Indian sources, Cohen remarks:
They are depersonalized figures, interchangeable, and given their frequent depiction fanning Gaṇeśa are often referred to as dasīs — servants. Their names represent the benefits accrued by the worshipper of Gaṇeśa, and thus Gaṇeśa is said to be the owner of Ṛddhi and Siddhi; he similarly functions as the father of Śubha (auspiciousness) and Lābha (profit), a pair similar to the Śiva Purāṇa's Kṣema (prosperity) and Lābha. Though in Varanasi the paired figures were usually called Ṛddhi and Siddhi, Gaṇeśa's relationship to them was often vague. He was their mālik, their owner; they were more often dasīs than patnīs (wives).[146]
His relationship with the Ashtasiddhi — the eight spiritual attaintments obtained by the practice of yoga — is also of this depersonalized type. In later iconography, these eight marvellous powers are represented by a group of young women who surround Ganesha.[147] Raja Ravi Varma's painting (shown in this section) illustrates a recent example of this iconographic form. The painting includes fans, which establish the feminine figures as attendants.
[edit] Motif of shaktis
Ganesha in his form as Mahāganapati with a shakti. From the Sritattvanidhi (19th century).A distinct type of iconographic image of Ganesha shows him with a single human-looking shakti (śakti).[148] According to Ananda Coomaraswamy, the oldest known depiction of Ganesha with a shakti of this type dates from the sixth century.[149] The consort lacks a distinctive personality or iconographic repertoire. According to Cohen and Alice Getty, the appearance of this shakti motif parallels the emergence of tantric branches of the Ganapatya cult. Six distinct forms of "Shakti Ganapati" can be linked to the Ganapatyas.[150] Of the thirty-two standard meditation forms for Ganesha that appear in the Sritattvanidhi (Śrītattvanidhi), several include a shakti.[151][152] A common form of this motif shows Ganesha seated with the shakti upon his left hip, holding a bowl of flat cakes or round sweets, with him turning his trunk to his left to touch the tasty food. In some tantric forms of this image, the gesture is modified to take on erotic overtones.[153] Some tantric variants of this form are described in the Śāradātilaka Tantram.[154]
Prithvi Kumar Agrawala has traced at least six different lists of fifty or more aspects or forms of Ganesha each with their specific female consorts or shaktis.[155][156] In these lists, goddess names such as Hrī, Śrī, and Puṣṭī are found. However, Buddhi, Siddhi, and Riddhi do not appear on any of these lists, which also do not provide any details about the personalities or distinguishing iconographic forms for these shaktis. Agrawala concludes that all of the lists were derived from one original set of names. The earliest of the lists appears in the Nārada Purāṇa (I.66.124-38), and a similar list with minor variations appears in the Ucchiṣṭagaṇapati Upāsanā. These lists are of two types. In the first type the names of various forms of Ganesha are given with a clear-cut pairing of a named shakti for that form. The second type, as found in the Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa (II.IV.44.63-76) and the commentary of Rāghavabhaṭṭa on the Śāradātilaka (I.115), gives fifty or more names of Ganesha collectively in one group, with the names of the shaktis provided collectively in a second group. The second type of list poses problems in separating and properly connecting the names into pairs due to ambiguities in the formation of Sanskrit compound words.
[edit] Worship and festivals
Celebrations of Ganesh by the Indian and Sri Lankan Tamil community in Paris, FranceWhether the reason has to do with a religious ceremony, a new vehicle, students taking exams, sessions of devotional chanting, or beginning a business, Ganesha is worshipped. Throughout India and the Hindu culture, Ganesha is the first icon placed into any new home or abode. Devotees widely believe that wherever there is Ganesha, there is success and prosperity. By calling on him people believe that he will come to their aid and grant them success in their endeavours.
The worship of Ganesha is considered complementary with the worship of other deities.[157] Hindus of all sects begin prayers, important undertakings, and religious ceremonies with an invocation to Ganesha. Ganesha is also adored by dancers and musicians, who begin their performances of arts such as Bharatnatyam dance with a prayer to him, particularly in South India.[158] Mantras such as Om Shri Gaṇeshāya Namah ("Om, salutation to the Illustrious Ganesha"), and others, are often used. One of the most famous mantras associated with Ganesha is Om Gaṃ Ganapataye Namah (literally, "Om, Gaṃ, Salutation to the Lord of Hosts").
Devotees offer Ganesha various sweets, such as modaka, small sweet balls (laddus) and others.[159]. He is often shown carrying a bowl of sweets, called a modakapātra, which is one of his iconographic elements.[160] Because of his identification with the color red, he is often worshipped with things such as red sandalwood paste (raktacandana),[161] or red flowers. Dūrvā grass (Cynodon dactylon) and various other materials are used in his worship.[162]
[edit] Ganesh Chaturthi
A large Ganesha statue at a Chaturthi festival in Mumbai, 2004There is an important festival honouring Ganesha that is celebrated for ten days starting from Ganesh Chaturthi.[163] This festival culminates on the day of Ananta Chaturdashi when images (murtis) of Ganesha are immersed into the most convenient body of water.
The Ganapati festival is celebrated by Hindus with great devotional fervour. While it is most popular in the state of Maharashtra,[164] it is performed all over India.[165] In Mumbai, the festival assumes huge proportions. On the last day of the festival, millions of people of all ages descend onto the streets leading up to the sea, dancing and singing, to the rhythmic accompaniment of drums and cymbals.
In 1893, Lokmanya Tilak reshaped the annual Ganesh festival from private family celebrations into a grand public event. [166] He did so "to bridge the gap between the Brahmins and the non-Brahmins and find an appropiate context in which to build a new grassroots unity between them" in his nationalistic strivings against the British in Maharashtra.[167][168] Thus, Tilak chose Ganesha as a rallying point for Indian protest against British rule because of his wide appeal as "the god for Everyman".[169][170] Tilak was the first to install large public images of Ganesha in pavillions, and he established the practice of submerging all the public images on the tenth day.[171]
[edit] Rise to prominence
[edit] First appearance
Ganesha appears in his classic form as a clearly-recognizable deity with well-defined iconographic attributes from the early fourth to fifth centuries.[172] Shanti Lal Nagar says that the earliest known cult image of Ganesha is in the niche of the Shiva temple at Bhumra, which has been dated to the Gupta period.[173]. By about the tenth century his independent cult had come into existence.[174] Narain sums up controversy between devotees and academics regarding the development of Ganesha as follows:
[W]hat is inscrutable is the somewhat dramatic appearance of Gaņeśa on the historical scene. His antecedents are not clear. His wide acceptance and popularity, which transcend sectarian and territorial limits, are indeed amazing. On the one hand there is the pious belief of the orthodox devotees in Gaņeśa's Vedic origins and in the Purāṇic explanations contained in the confusing, but nonetheless interesting, mythology. On the other hand there are doubts about the existence of the idea and the icon of this deity" before the fourth to fifth century A.D. ... [I]n my opinion, indeed there is no convincing evidence or the existence of this divinity prior to the fifth century.[175]
[edit] Possible influences
Courtright reviews various speculative theories about the early history of Ganesha, including supposed tribal traditions and animal cults, and dismisses all of them in this way:
In this search for a historical origin for Gaņeśa, some have suggested precise locations outside the Brāhmaṇic tradition.... These historical locations are intriguing to be sure, but the fact remains that they are all speculations, variations on the Dravidian hypothesis, which argues that anything not attested to in the Vedic and Indo-European sources must have come into Brāhmaṇic religion from the Dravidian or aboriginal populations of India as part of the process that produced Hinduism out of the interactions of the Aryan and non-Aryan populations. There is no independent evidence for an elephant cult or a totem; nor is there any archaeological data pointing to a tradition prior to what we can already see in place in the Purāṇic literature and the iconography of Gaņeśsa.[176]
Thapan's book on the development of Ganesha devotes a chapter to speculations about the role elephants had in early India, but concludes that:
Although by the second century AD the elephant-headed yakṣa form exists it cannot be presumed to represent Gaṇapati-Vināyaka. There is no evidence of a deity by this name having an elephant or elephant-headed form at this early stage. Gaṇapati-Vināyaka had yet to make his debut.[177]
One theory of the origin of Ganesha is that he gradually came to prominence in connection with the four Vināyakas.[178][179] In Hindu mythology the Vināyakas were a group of four troublesome demons who created obstacles and difficulties,[180] but who were easily propitiated.[181] The name Vināyaka is a common name for Ganesha both in the Purāṇas and in Buddhist Tantras.[182] Krishan is one of the academics who accepts this view, stating flatly of Ganesha that "He is a non-vedic god. His origin is to be traced to the four Vināyakas, evil spirits, of the Mānavagŗhyasūtra (7th-4th century B.C.) who cause various types of evil and suffering."[183]
[edit] Vedic and epic literature
5th C Ganesh by Shahi King Khingala, found at Gardez, Afghanistan now at Dargah Pir Rattan NathGanesha as we know him today does not appear in the Vedas. The title "Leader of the group" (Sanskrit: gaṇapati) occurs twice in the Rig Veda but in neither case does it refer to the modern Ganesha. The term appears in RV 2.23.1 as a title for Brahmanaspati, the teacher of the gods. H. H. Wilson translates the Sanskrit verse "gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnāmupamaśravastamam" (RV 2.23.1 [2222]) as "We invoke the Brahmaṇaspati, chief leader of the (heavenly) bands; a sage of sages".[184] While there is no doubt that this verse refers to Brahmanaspati, the verse was later adopted for worship of Ganesha even to this day.[185][186] In rejecting any claim that this passage is evidence of Ganesha in the Rig Veda, Ludo Rocher says that it "clearly refers to Bṛhaspati - who is the deity of the hymn - and Bṛhaspati only."[187] The second passage (RV 10.112.9) equally clearly refers to Indra.[188] Wilson translates the Sanskrit verse "ni ṣu sīda gaṇapate gaṇeṣu tvāmāhurvipratamaṃ kavīnām" as "Lord of the companies (of the Maruts), sit down among the companies (of the worshippers), they call you the most sage of sages".[189]
Ganesha does not appear in epic literature. There is a late interpolation to the epic poem Mahabharata, saying that the sage Vyāsa asked Ganesha to serve as his scribe to transcribe the poem as he dictated it to him. Ganesha agreed, but only on the condition that Vyasa recite the poem uninterrupted, without pausing. The sage agreed to this, but found that to get any rest he needed to recite very complex passages in order to get Ganesha to ask for clarifications. This is the single passage in which Ganesha appears in that epic. The story is not accepted as part of the original text by the editors of the critical edition of the Mahabharata,[190] where the twenty-line story is relegated to a footnote to an appendix.[191] Ganesha's association with mental agility and learning is one reason he is shown as scribe for Vyāsa's dictation of the Mahabharata in this interpolation to the text.[192] Richard L. Brown dates the story as 8th century, and Winternitz concludes that it was known as early as c. 900 but he maintains that it had not yet been added to the Mahabharata some 150 years later. Moriz Winternitz also notes that a distinctive feature of Southern manuscripts of the Mahabharata is their omission of this Ganesha legend.[193]
[edit] Puranic period
Stories about Ganesha often occur in the Puranic corpus. Brown notes while the Puranas "defy precise chronological ordering", the more detailed narratives of Ganesha's life are in the late texts, circa 600- 1300.[194] Yuvraj Krishan says that the Puranic myths about the birth of Ganesha and how he came to acquire an elephant's head are in the later Puranas composed from about 600 onwards, and that references to Ganesha in the earlier Puranas such as the Vayu and Brahmanda Puranas, are later interpolations made during the 7th to 10th centuries.[195]
In his survey of Ganesha's rise to prominence in Sanskrit literature Ludo Rocher notes that:
Above all, one cannot help being struck by the fact that the numerous stories surrounding Gaṇeśa concentrate on an unexpectedly limited number of incidents. These incidents are mainly three: his birth and parenthood, his elephant head, and his single tusk. Other incidents are touched on in the texts, but to a far lesser extent.[196]
Ganesha's rise to prominence was codified in the 9th century when he was formally included as one of the five primary deities of Smartism. The ninth-century philosopher Śaṅkarācārya popularized the "worship of the five forms" (pañcāyatana pūjā) system among orthodox Brahmins of the Smārta tradition.[197][198] This worship practice invokes the five deities Ganesha, Vishnu, Shiva, Devī, and Sūrya.[199][200] Śaṅkarācārya instituted the tradition primarily to unite the principal deities of these five major sects on an equal status. This formalized the role of Ganesha as a complementary deity. The monistic philosophy preached by Śaṅkarācārya made it possible to choose one of these as a preferred principal deity and at the same time worship the other four deities as different forms of the same all-pervading Brahman.
[edit] Ganesha Scriptures
Statue of Ganesha with a flowerFor more detail see: Ganesha Purana and Mudgala Purana
Once Ganesha was accepted as one of the five principal deities of Brahmanism, some brāhmaṇas chose to worship Ganesha as their principal deity. They developed the Ganapatya tradition as seen in the Ganesha Purana and the Mudgala Purana.[201]
The date of composition for the Ganesha Purana and the Mudgala Purana, and their dating relative to one another, has sparked academic debate. Both works developed over periods of time and contain age-layered strata. Anita Thapan reviews different views on dating and provides her own judgement. She states that it appears likely that the core of the Ganesha Purana came into existence around the 12th and 13th centuries but was subject to interpolations during the succeeding ages.[202] Lawrence W. Preston considers that the period 1100-1400 is the most reasonable date for the Ganesha Purana because that period agrees with the apparent age of the sacred sites mentioned by it.[203]
R. C. Hazra suggested that the Mudgala Purana is older than the Ganesha Purana which he dates between 1100 and 1400 A.D.[204] However Phillis Granoff finds problems with this relative dating and concludes that the Mudgala Purana was the last of the philosophical texts concerned with Ganesha because, among other internal evidence, the Mudgala Purana specifically mentions the Ganesha Purana as one of the four Puranas that deal at length with Ganesha (these are the Brahma, the Brahmanda, the Ganesha, and the Mudgala puranas).[205] The Mudgala Purana, like many other Puranas, contains multiple age strata. While the kernel of the text must be old it continued to receive interpolations until the 17th and 18th centuries as the worship of Ganapati became more important in certain regions.[206] Another highly regarded scripture, the Ganapati Atharvashirsa, was probably composed during the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries A.D.[207]
[edit] Beyond India and Hinduism
For more on this topic, see Ganesha outside Hinduism.
Tibetan depiction of Dancing Ganesha[208] This form is also known as Maharakta ("The Great Red One")[209]India had an impact on the regions of West and Southeast Asia as a result of commercial and cultural contacts. Ganesha is one of many Hindu deities who reached foreign lands as a result.[210] The worship of Ganesha by Hindus outside of India shows regional variation.
Ganesha was particularly worshipped by traders and merchants, who went out of India for commercial ventures.[211] The period from approximately the tenth century onwards was marked by the development of new networks of exchange, the formation of trade guilds, and a resurgence of money circulation. It was during this time that Ganesha became the principal deity associated with traders.[212] The earliest inscription where Ganesha is invoked before any other deity is by the merchant community.[213]
Hindus spread out to the Malay Archipelago and took their culture with them, including Ganesha.[214] Statues of Ganesa are found throughout the Malay Archipelago in great numbers, often beside Shiva sanctuaries. The forms of Ganesha found in Hindu art of Java, Bali, and Borneo show specific regional influences.[215] The gradual emigration of Hindus to Indochina established Ganesha in modified forms in Burma, Cambodia, and Thailand. In Indochina, Hinduism and Buddhism were practiced side-by-side and mutual influences can be seen in the iconography of Ganesha in the region.[216] In Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam, Ganesha was mainly thought of as a remover of obstacles.[217] Even today, in Buddhist Thailand Ganesha is regarded as remover of obstacles and thus god of success.[218]
Before the arrival of Islam, Afganistan had close cultural ties with India, and the adoration of both Hindu and Buddhist deities was practiced. A few examples of sculptures from the period 5th-7th century have survived, suggesting that the worship of Ganesha was in vogue in the region at that time.[219][220]
Ganesha appears in Buddhism, not only in the form of the Buddhist god Vināyaka, but also portrayed as a Hindu demon form with the same name (Vināyaka).[221] His image appears in Buddhist sculptures during the late Gupta period.[222] As the Buddhist god Vināyaka, he is often shown dancing, a form called Nṛtta Ganapati that was popular in North India, later adopted in Nepal and then in Tibet.[223] In Nepal, the Hindu form of Ganesha known as Heramba is very popular, where he appears with five heads and rides on a lion.[224] Tibetan representations of Ganesha show ambivalent views of him.[225] In one Tibetan form, he is shown being trodden under foot by Mahākala, a popular Tibetan deity.[226][227] Other depictions show him as the Destroyer of Obstacles, sometimes dancing.[228] Ganesha appears in both China and Japan in forms that show distinct regional character. In North China, the earliest known stone statue of Ganesha carries an inscription dated 531 CE.[229] In Japan the Ganesha cult was first mentioned in 806 CE.[230]
The canonical literature of Jainism does not mention the cult of Ganesha.[231] However Ganesha is worshipped by most Jains, for whom he appears to have taken over certain functions of Kubera.[232] Jain connections with the trading community support the idea that Jainism took up the worship of Ganesha as a result of commercial connections.[233] The earliest known Jain Ganesha statue dates to about the 9th century.[234] A 15th century Jain text provides procedures for the installation of Ganapati images.[235] Images of Ganesha appear in the Jain temples of Rajasthan and Gujarat.[236]
Generally speaking, the order that our trip through Israel took.
Here was our full schedule:
Saturday, May 25 – NEW YORK
Sunday, May 26 – WELCOME TO ISRAEL
•Bus departs Ben Gurion International Airport to Moshav Givat Chen
•Arrive Hendal’e Restaurant, Moshav Givat Chen
oIntroductions and welcome dinner
•Depart Hendal’e to Prima Millennium Hotel
On arrival, all alight from bus and proceed to group check in area
Overnight bags preferred
Overnight Prima Millennium, Ra’anana, 2 Ha-Tidhar St, Ra’anana (t: +972-9-763-6363)
Monday, May 27 – CENTRAL ISRAEL and GALILEE
•Breakfast at hotel
•08:00amCheck out and bags on bus
•08:10amDepart to Hod Hasharon
•08:30amWelcome to Israel -Israel 101- with Rabbi Leor Sinai, Co-Executive Director, Alexander Muss High School in Israel
•Depart Hod Hasharon
•Fureidis
oGuest Speaker: Ibtissam Machmeed, Womens Rights and Interfaith Activist
oGuest Speaker: Professor Esther Herzog, Beit Berl College
•Proceed north
•Arrive to Daliat El-Carmel
oLunch at Nora’s Kitchen
oGuest Speaker: Druze community
•Depart Daliat El-Carmel
•Visit to Capernaum (proper attire required)
•Depart Capernaum
•Arrive at Ramot Hotel
•Evening Presentation – Special in Uniform
oGuest Speaker: Lt Col (Res.) Tiran Attia
•Dinner
oGuest: Efi Talbi - “Mom, it’s me”
oGuest: Lt Col (Res.) Tiran Attia
•OvernightRamot Resort and Hotel, Moshav Ramot (t:011-972-4-673-2636)
Tuesday, May 28 –GOLAN HEIGHTS and NORTHERN ISRAEL
•06:30amGrab and go Breakfast at hotel
•Mt Bental on the Golan Heights – Briefing with Lt Col (Res.) Tiran Attia
•Depart Mt Bental
•Stop at Beit Asher site, Kiryat Shmona
•Academic visit to Tel Hai Academic College
oWelcome and introduction
oIndividual meetings with Tel Hai Faculty
•Depart Tel Hai Academic College
•Sandwich lunch en route on bus
•Buza Ice Cream – Coexistence in a cup
•Continue to Galilee Medical Center (GMC)
•Visit to Galilee Medical Center (GMC)
oGuest Speaker: Dr. Eyal Sela
oGuest Speaker: Dr. Masad Barhoum
•Proceed to Akko
•Mini tour of Akko with Michal Shiloah-Galnoor, Western Galilee Now
•Return to bus and depart to Haifa
•Arrival to Haifa and check in to Dan Panorama Hotel
•07:00pmAs applicable, individual meetings with Technion and University of Haifa Faculty
•OvernightDan Panorama Hotel, 107 HaNassi Blvd 107, Haifa (t:011-972-4-835-2222)
Wednesday, May 29 – HAIFA
•07:00amBreakfast at hotel
•07:30amBags on bus and check out
•07:45amDepart by foot to Promenade
•Bahá’i Gardens and view of Shrine from Terrace 19 See Appendix A
oGuest Speaker: Carmel Irandoust, Deputy Secretary General of the Baha’i International Community Secretariat See Appendix A
•08:50amDepart to The Technion
•Arrival to The Technion–Polak Visitors Center
•Academics escorted to meetings at Technion.
•As applicable, bus departs Technion to University of Haifa and Hecht Museum
•10:30amAcademic meetings at the Technion
oIndividual meetings with Technion Faculty
•10:40amAcademic meetings at University of Haifa
oIndividual meetings with University of Haifa Faculty
•12:00pmPick up from Technion and University of Haifa
•Sandwich lunch en route on bus
•Brief stop at Roman Aqueduct - Caesaria
•Arrival to Jerusalem
•Proceed to Knesset – view of government quarter
•03:00pmArrival at Knesset
•Visit to Knesset (Israel’s Parliament)
•Passports required to proceed thru security
•Visitors should note that in accordance with the Knesset dress code, entrance to the Knesset is permitted only in dignified and appropriate attire (no tank/spaghetti tops, crop tops, clothing with political slogans, shorts or ¾–length trousers, ripped trousers, short skirts and dresses, tracksuits or sweatpants, flip-flops, or clogs).
oTour of the Knesset
oMeeting with Member of Knesset, Sharren Haskell, Likud Party
oMeeting with Member of Knesset, Yehiel Tropper, Blue & White Party
•Visit and meetings at Jewish National Fund, USA Jerusalem office
oLight buffet style dinner
oIndividual academic meetings
•07:20pmA journalist’s perspective on the Middle East
oGuest Speaker: Khaled Abu Toameh, Israeli /Palestinian independent journalist
•Depart to hotel
•Arrive at Dan Jerusalem Hotel and check in
•OvernightDan Jerusalem Hotel, 32 Lehi Street, Jerusalem (t: +972-2-533-1234)
Thursday, May 30 – JERUSALEM - HEBREW UNIVERSITY and YAD VASHEM
•06:45amBreakfast discussion at hotel
•07:15amDepart hotel
•Overlook at Mt Scopus
•08:00amDepartures (as applicable) from overlook to Hebrew University Agricultural School and Weizmann Institute, Rehovot
•08:30amDepartures (as applicable) from overlook to Jerusalem area
oAs applicable, transfer to Hebrew University Mt Scopus campus
oAs applicable, transfer to Hebrew University Givat Ram campus
oAs applicable, transfer to Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem
oAs applicable, transfer to Jerusalem College of Technology (JCT)
•09:30amIndividual meetings with Hebrew University Faculty (Mt Scopus and Givat Ram)
oIndividual meetings with Weizmann Institute Faculty
oIndividual meetings with Hebrew University Agricultural School Faculty
oIndividual meetings with Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem, Faculty
oIndividual meetings with Jerusalem College of Technology Faculty
oTour of Hebrew University Mt Scopus with Faith Segal
•11:00am Commencement of multi-campus collections
•Light sandwich lunch at bus
•01:00pm Yad Vashem International Institute for Holocaust Research
oGuest Speaker, Holocaust Survivor and discussion
oGuided tour
•Visit and tour of City of David
•Optional dinner at hotel
•Overnight Dan Jerusalem Hotel, 32 Lehi Street, Jerusalem (t: 011-972-2-533-1234)
Friday, May 31 – JERUSALEM
•06:30amBreakfast at hotel
•07:15am Depart hotel
•Visit to and tour of Western Wall and Tunnels See Appendix A
•Tour of the Old City
oJewish, Christian, Muslim and Armenian Quarters, Via Dolorosa, Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Arab Shuk and Jaffa Gate
•Dome of the Rock (entry for Muslim faith adherents only)
•Lunch in a Pita – A traditional on-the-go Israeli lunch in the Jewish Quarter
•Individual academic meetings at Dan Jerusalem Hotel See Appendix B
•King David’s Tomb and Room of the Last Supper
•Mahane Yehuda market (schedule and time permitting)
•Return to hotel – free time
•06:59pmLighting of Candles before Shabbat (Sabbath) begins at sunset
•07:30pm Shabbat dinner at hotel - private room
oGuest Shabbat Hosts: Rabbi Dov and Mrs. Dina Lipman
oGuest: Ilan Regenbaum
oAfter dinner, informal discussion on terrace overlooking Jerusalem
•Overnight Dan Jerusalem Hotel, 32 Lehi Street, Jerusalem (t: 011-972-2-533-1234)
Saturday, June 1 – MASADA and DEAD SEA
•06:45amShabbat breakfast at hotel
•07:20amCheck out and bags on bus
•07:30am Depart hotel
•Photo stop at Sea Level
•Visit to Jordan River – Qasr Al Yahud
•Visit and tour of Masada National Park
•Visit to Dead Sea Premier Beach
oLunch
oDead Sea swim experience (bring swimwear and flip flops – it is recommended not to shave at least 24 hours prior to entry into the Dead Sea
•Depart to Be’er Sheva
•View of Be’er Sheva River Park, Amphitheatre, Promenade and site of future Alexander Muss High School in Israel
•Ethiopian Experience at Ronald Lauder Employment Center, Old City
oGuest Speaker: Naftali Aklum
oGuest Speaker: Tamar Gil
•OvernightLeonardo Be’er Sheva , 4 Henrietta Szold St, Be’er Sheva (t:011-972-8-640-5444)
Sunday, June 2 – BE’ER SHEVA
•07:30amBreakfast at hotel
•08:10amCheck out and bags on bus
•Meet JNF Shorashim Birthright participants
•08:20amDepart hotel
•08:30amArrive Ben Gurion University
•09:00amAcademic Visit to Ben Gurion University See Appendix A
oGreetings and address by Professor Limor Aharonson-Daniel, Vice Rector for International Academic Affairs
oWelcome by Shai Kaplan, ASU-BGU Partnership project manager
oArrange take away sandwiches for bus from BGU
•Depart Ben Gurion University. Proceed to Hura
•Visit to Hura and Project Wadi Attir and visit to Bedouin Traditional Hospitality Tent See Appendix A
oGuest Speaker: Dr. Lina Alatawna
oGuest Speaker: Dr. Yasmeen Abu Fraiha
oGuest Speaker: Ghadir Hani on the status and role of Bedouin women with Project Wadi Attir
•Depart Hura and proceed to Rahat
•Visit and tour of SodaStream
•Depart Rahat
•Visit to Kibbutz Nirim
oGuest Speaker: Adele Raemer
•Depart Nirim and proceed to Sderot
•Visit and tour of Jewish National Fund’s Sderot Indoor Recreation Center
oSpeaker: Yedidya Harush
oSpeaker: Michal Uziyahu
oLight dinner
•Depart Sderot and proceed to Ashkelon
•OvernightLeonardo Ashkelon, Golani Street (t:011-972-8-911-1111)
Monday, June 3 – SDEROT and NORTHERN NEGEV
•Optional - Morning walk along beach with guide
•08:00amBreakfast at hotel
•08:40amCheck out and bags on bus
•08:50amDepart hotel
•09:30amAcademic visit to Sapir College See Appendix A
oWelcome greeting by Dr. Ronen Arbel
oGuest Speaker: Dr. Willy Abraham
oPTSD – the effects of long term trauma living on the border
•Depart Sderot to Sde Boker
•Academic Visit to Ben Gurion University - Zuckerberg Water Institute at Sde Boker
oTour of institute
oIndividual academic meetings with Zuckerberg Water Institute Faculty
oLunch
•Visit to Ben Gurion’s grave
•Proceed to Mitzpe Ramon
•View of Machtesh Mitzpe Ramon
•Proceed to Kibbutz Ketura (via rest stop at Neot Smadar)
•Arrive Kibbutz Ketura
•Free time
•07:30pmBBQ Dinner with AIES staff and kibbutz residents
•OvernightKeren Kolot Guest House, Kibbutz Ketura (c: 011-972-53-941-9109)
Tuesday, June 4 – ARAVA
•06:45amBags on bus
•07:00amBreakfast on Kibbutz Ketura
oTour of kibbutz
oMethusaleh tree and new trees
•08:30amAcademic visit to Arava Institute of Environmental Studies (AIES) See Appendix A
oGreetings and introduction by Executive Director, David Lehrer and Director of Diplomacy, Cathie Granit
oAIES Faculty David Lehrer, Dr Tareq Abu Hamed, Academic Director and Director for Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation, Dr Elaine Soloway, Director of the Center for Sustainable Agriculture, and Suleiman Halassah, research for the Center of Transboundary Water Management
oIndividual academic meetings with AIES faculty
oTour of Solar off-grid Village
•10:30amDepart Kibbutz Ketura
•Academic visit to Arava International Center for Agricultural Training (AICAT)
oDiscussion with Hanni Arnon, Director of Arava International Center for Agricultural Training
oIntroduction to Msc Plant Biology students from Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar and Kenya
oPresentation with AICAT Faculty and students
•12:30pmContinue to Vidor Center, Hatzeva
•12:50pmVisit to Vidor Visitors Center/Research and Development Station
oGuest speaker: Noa Zer, Regional Council Resources Development Director
oTour of research hothouses
oSandwich lunch on terrace
•02:30pmDepart Hatzeva to Tel Aviv (with rest stop en route)
•05:30pmArrive Nahlat Binyamin Arts and Crafts pedestrian precinct and Carmel Market, Tel Aviv
•Walking tour to hotel
•Check in
•07:30pmGuest Speaker in Private room – Former Member of Knesset, Merav Michaeli, Zionist Union/Labor Party (TBC)
•Free night
•Overnight Dan Panorama Hotel, 10 Kaufmann St, Tel Aviv (t: 011-972-3-519-0190)
Wednesday, June 5 – TEL AVIV
•07:00amBreakfast at hotel and informal discussion
•07:40amDepartures from hotel to:
oAs applicable, transfer to IDC Herzliya
oAs applicable, transfer to Volcani Institute
oAs applicable, transfer to Netanya Academic College
•07:45amBus departs to Tel Aviv University and Bar Ilan University
•08:30amAcademic visit to Tel Aviv University (TAU) See Appendix A
oGroup visit to Cymbalista Synagogue
oIndividual academic meetings with Tel Aviv University Faculty
•09:00amAcademic visits to Bar Ilan University, IDC Herzliya,and Holon Institute of Technology (as applicable)
oIndividual academic meetings with Tel Aviv University Faculty
oIndividual academic meetings with Bar Ilan University Faculty See Appendix B
oIndividual academic meetings with IDC Herzliya
oIndividual academic meetings with Netanya Academic College
oIndividual academic meetings with Volcani Institute
•10:30amCollections from IDC Herzliya, Volcani Institute, Netanya Academic College and Bar Ilan University to Ramat Aviv (as applicable)
•11:30amVisit and Guided Tour of Peres Center See Appendix A
oIntroduction and Guest Speaker: Nadav Tamir
•Quick bite on own at beachside kiosk
•01:45pmDepartures from Jaffa to (as applicable):
oTransfers to Tel Aviv University See Appendix A and Tel Hashomer
•02:05pmBus with remainder of group departs to Volcani Institute
•02:30pmAcademic visits to Tel Aviv University and Tel HaShomer,(as applicable)
oIndividual academic meetings with Tel Aviv University Faculty
oIndividual academic meeting with Tel HaShomer See Appendix B
•02:35pmArrive Volcani Institute
•Academic Visit to Volcani Institute
oGroup presentation
oIndividual academic meetings with Volcani Faculty
•04:00pmDepartures from Tel Aviv University and Tel HaShomer
•04:15pmBus departs Volcani Institute
•05:00pmTour of Old Jaffa (all vehicles meet and rejoin)
•06:30pmProceed to Dan Gourmet Cooking School
•Overnight Dan Panorama Hotel, 10 Kaufmann St, Tel Aviv (t: 011-972-3-519-0190)
Thursday, June 6 – TEL AVIV
•08:00amBreakfast at hotel
•08:30amGuest Speaker Joe Hyams – Start Up Nation – Honest Reporting
oChuck Fax – Positively Israel
•09:45amBags on bus and check out
•Walk Shalom Building/Bauhaus
•11:00amDepart Tel Aviv
•11:30amVisit to Rabin Center
oPrivate tour of center with Rabin Center guide
oPrivate room - Guest Speaker: Dalia Rabin, Chair of the Yitzhak Rabin Center and daughter of former Prime Minister, Yitzhak Rabin.
•Depart to Tel Aviv
•Pass by Rabin Memorial at City Hall
•02:00pmArrive Sarona
oOverview of Sarona and area by Jacob
oIndividual academic meetings at Sarona
oQuick bite on own at Sarona Food Hall/Market/Outdoor cafes
•03:00pmDepart Sarona
•03:30pmVisit to Biblical Forest at Neot Kedumim
•Opportunity for each participant to plant a tree
•Return to Tel Aviv
•06:00pmFarewell dinner – Keren and Yael at Lilienblum
oSpecial Guest: Titi Ayenew – Former Miss Israel and international model
oSpecial Guests: Israel's Gold medal Judo winners, Ori Sasson, Peter Palchik and Sagi Muki. The three will share their individual experiences, including having Israel's national anthem, Hatikvah, played for the first time in Abu Dhabi, and having games forfeited, decisions made by Iranian and Egyptian officials who would not allow their players to compete with an Israeli.
Appendix A
APPENDIX A: Program Component Background Information
Monday, May 27th
•Fureidis
Fureidis is a town situated on the coastal plain with approximately 10,000 predominantly Arab residents.
•Daliat El-Carmel
Sitting high on the slopes of Mt Carmel, this Druze town has an exceptionally unique character. It is a colorful town that offers wonderful hospitality with a smile and is also very interesting. The Druze is an ethnic group that split off from Islam in Egypt about 1,000 years ago. According to the Druze, their religion is the renewal of an ancient faith that became a secret known only to the group’s sages. Daliat El-Carmel was founded in the 17th century by Druze from Mt. Lebanon.
•Tiran Attia
Lt. Col. (Res.) Tiran Attia serves as Director of Special in Uniform, an innovative program that aims to integrate young people with autism and other disabilities into the IDF and, in turn, into Israeli society. After their service, Special in Uniform helps usher its graduates toward a self-sufficient life, through employment or other meaningful societal involvement, once they are discharged from the army.
Over the course of his distinguished 28-year career in the Israel Defense Forces, Lt. Col. Attia commanded a tank, the IDF's Technology and Logistics Forces training program, and the Sar-El program for army volunteers from around the world.
Tuesday, May 28th
•Tel Hai College
Tel-Hai College is the leading public academic college in Israel and an engine of change for the educational, economic and social development of the Upper Galilee. Since becoming an independent academic institution in 1996, Tel-Hai's innovative curriculum, diverse student life and pluralistic atmosphere, and growing reputation for academic excellence have attracted students from across the country to join in building our unique community of learning and gained the attention of scholars and researchers around the world. Tel-Hai strives for the best where it is needed most - doing our utmost to serve the people of the northern periphery of Israel and tap into the region's extraordinary potential. We believe we can see the future from here, and that we are building it every day in both the classroom and the community. We invite you to explore that work with us by learning more about our courses, our faculty and our wonderful students, as well as our passion to make the Galilee a place where more Tel-Hai graduates - and more Israelis - will want to live, work and make their home.
•Galilee Medical Center
Galilee Medical Center is a hospital located in the coastal city of Nahariya, and is the second largest hospital in northern Israel (after Rambam Hospital in Haifa). It was established in 1956.
The hospital located on the outskirts of Nahariya, three kilometers from the city center, serving half a million residents of the western Galilee, from Karmiel to the coast.
Since its modest beginning as a small maternity hospital, The WGH has grown into a 651-bed facility. The emergency room receives about 400 people every day and the number of hospitalizations is about 60,000 a year. Approximately 420 physicians’ practice in this government owned hospital, while the total number of employees is about 2200. The hospital staff is a reflection of the Multi-ethnic demography of the Western Galilee; consisting of Jews, Muslims, Christians, Druze and others. In 2007, the Western Galilee Hospital was the first to appoint an Arab Israeli, Dr. Masad Barhoum, as its director.
•Dr. Eyal Sela
Dr. Eyal Sela, Director of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, joined Galilee Medical Center’s administration in 2013. Since then Dr. Sela and his inspiring staff have been leaders in the medical revolution sweeping the Western Galilee by providing new and innovative services to the residents of Israel’s northern periphery.
As Head of the Ear, Nose, Throat, and Head and Neck (ENT) Student Program, Bar-Ilan University Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Dr. Sela is leading the training of Israel’s newest ENT practitioners. Formerly a lecturer at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Medical School in Haifa, Israel (the "Technion"), Dr. Sela was recognized for his excellence in teaching for three consecutive academic years as an outstanding lecturer at Bar-Ilan University and the Technion.
Dr. Sela graduated medical school at the Technion in 1997 followed by a residency at the Carmel Medical Center in Haifa. Moreover, he completed a two-year Fellowship in Head and Neck Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery at Jewish General Hospital, McGill
University, in Montreal, Canada during 2010 – 2012. Prior to his Fellowship, he was an
ENT Specialist on the full-time staff in the Otolaryngology Department at Carmel
Medical Center in Haifa, Israel from 2006 – 2010. Additionally, he served as a Facial Cosmetic Consultant and Surgeon, for Clalit Aesthetics during 2009 and 2010.
Dr. Sela has published numerous studies and presented at many national and international conferences. As the Head of the department of ENT, Dr. Sela is leading vast prospective and retrospective academic research along with his senior and junior staff and engaging medical students at the cutting-edge of medicine for new treatments.
Dr. Sela also acts as a key speaker for visitors and media outlets wishing to understand the treatment of victims of Syrian violence as head of one of the main departments caring for many of the more than 2,000 patients who have escaped Syrian violence to seek care at Galilee Medical Center since March 2013. Dr. Sela has received wide international attention for his presentation, highlighting some of the Department’s more unique trauma cases to arise from the care of Syrian patients. Dr. Sela is a shining beacon for Galilee Medical Center’s driving focus, “Adam l’Adam, Adam” meaning a "Person should relate to another person as a human being" or “People to People” medicine.
• Dr. Masoud Barhoum
Dr. Masoud Barhoum was born in Shefaram, Israel, to Arab Christian parents who emphasized the human values of moral integrity. Dr. Barhoum is married to Dr. Marie Barhoum, a pediatric endocrinologist, and they are the parents of 3 daughters.
Dr. Barhoum began his medical studies in 1979 at Rappaport Faculty of Medicine,
Technion Institute of Technology, and in 1985 completed his internship at Rambam Medical Center, Haifa. He was an internal medicine resident from 1986-1990, but chose to transfer to family medicine, partially in order to take upon himself an equal part of the tasks at home, including child-rearing.
In 1990, Dr. Barhoum and his family took up residence in Kibbutz Ramat Hashofet for the next 10 years, living as an integral part of the kibbutz family, while completing his residency in family medicine and receiving a Maste's Degree in Public Health
Administration from Haifa University. In the latter years of the 1990's, Dr. Barhoum was appointed director of the Clalit HMO’s Home Care System in Haifa and the Western Galilee, followed by director of its northern region Home Hospitalization Unit.
Wednesday, May 29th
•Bahá’i Temple and Gardens
Haifa is the international headquarters for the Bahá’í Faith, which began amidst persecution in Persia in the mid-19th century. They believe in the unity of all religions and believe that messengers of God like Moses, Jesus and Muhammad have been sent at different times in history with doctrines varying to fit changing social needs but bringing substantially the same message.
The beautiful gardens were originally planned by Shoghi Effendi, the late Guardian of the Faith, and they have recently undergone a massive redesign aimed at putting them on the world's horticultural map.
The Bahá’í gardens are now a geometric cascade of hanging gardens and terraces down to Ben Gurion Boulevard -a gift of visual pleasure to the city that gave the Baha'i religion its home and headquarters.
•Technion – Israel’s Institute of Technology
After some years of intense pioneering activities, with which Prof. Albert Einstein's deep involvement, the Technion opened its doors in 1924, becoming Israel’s first modern university.
The developing state created new demands on the veteran university. To meet these needs, Technion launched a variety of ambitious projects, including the establishment of the Department of Aeronautical Engineering in 1949, which laid the foundation for Israel’s successful aerospace industries and Air Force.
Recognizing the growing trend in interdisciplinary activity, Technion established several new departments, including Biomedical Engineering, Computer Science, Applied Mathematics, and the SolidState Institute. Throughout the upheaval and change, Technion remained at the forefront of the nation's activities – from producing technologies for guaranteeing Israel's future security, to planning cooperative regional research projects in subjects such as desalination and nuclear energy. The Technion's world-wide reputation for excellence has been strengthened through intensified research in various fields spanning from nuclear power options for Israel to a new program in marine engineering, and pioneer work in the field of industrial robotics. In 1998, Technion successfully launched the "Gurwin TechSat II" microsatellite, making Technion one of five universities with a student program that designs, builds, and launches its own satellite.
•Haifa University
The campus of the University of Haifa spreads along the Carmel Mountain ridge southeast of the city of Haifa and is surrounded by the Carmel National Park. The University was established in 1963 under the joint auspices of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Haifa Municipality. In 1972, it gained academic accreditation as a separate institution from the Council for Higher Education. The University of Haifa is the most pluralistic institution of higher education in Israel: sons and daughters of both veteran cities and development towns, kibbutzim and moshavim, new immigrants, Jews, Arabs, and Druze, IDF officers and security personnel—all sitting together on the bench of knowledge in an atmosphere of coexistence, tolerance, and mutual respect. The University considers the link-up between academic excellence and social responsibility as its flagship, and service to the community as one of its important goals.
There are over 17,000 students studying towards a degree (B.A., M.A., or Ph.D.). The University offers six Faculties: Humanities, Social Sciences, Sciences and Science Education, Law, Social Welfare and Health Studies, and Education and five Schools: Business Administration.
•Member of Knesset Sharren Haskel
Sharren Haskel is an Israeli member of the Knesset for Likud. She is the youngest member of Likud and the second youngest member of the 20th Knesset.
Haskel lived in Australia and volunteered at WIRES, an organization that rescue wild animals, treat them and release them back into the wild. She is active on environmental and animal rights issues, with a particular focus on water pollution coming out of areas under the control of the Palestinian Authority.
Haskel has been labeled the most active and influential Member of Knesset for civil freedom, individual rights and economic freedom in Israel for 2016. In May 2016 MK Haskel was recognized by the "Jewish Journal" the United States as a leader of new generation of woman in politics, mainly for her extensive work around the world to defend Israel’s policy and government.
•Member of Knesset Yehiel Tropper
MK Tropper was born in Jerusalem, one of nine children of Rabbi Daniel Tropper. During his national service in the Israel Defense Forces, he was part of the Duvdevan Unit. He subsequently became a social worker and earned a BA in humanities from the Open University and an MA in Jewish history and education from the Lander Institute. He worked for the Bat Yam municipality and also ran the Branco Weiss School in Ramle.
Prior to the 2013 Knesset elections Tropper was placed twenty-third on the Labor Party list but the party won only 15 seats. He was subsequently appointed as an advisor to Minister of Education Shai Piron. When Piron left the government in 2015, Tropper became Director of the Education, Welfare and Culture Division in Yeruham.
In the build-up to the 2019 elections he joined the new Israel Resilience Party founded by his friend Benny Gantz. He was elected to the Knesset as Blue and White.
Tropper is married with four children and lives in Nes Harim.
• Khaled Abu Toameh
Khaled Abu Toameh is the West Bank and Gaza correspondent for The Jerusalem Post and U.S. News and World Report. He previously served as a senior writer for the Jerusalem Report, and was a correspondent for Al-Fajr. He has produced several documentaries on the Palestinians for the BBC and many other networks, including ones that exposed the connection between Arafat and payments to the armed wing of Fatah and the financial corruption within the Palestinian Authority.
Mr. Abu Toameh was born in the West Bank city of Tulkarem in 1963 to an Israeli Arab father and a Palestinian Arab mother from the West Bank. AbuToameh received his BA in English Literature from the Hebrew University.
Thursday, May 30th
•Hebrew University
The dream of establishing a "University of the Jewish People" in the Land of Israel formed an integral part of the early Zionist vision. With the acquisition of the Gray Hill estate atop Mount Scopus, and the laying of the cornerstone for the university-to-be in 1918, the realization of the dream was on its way. Seven years later, on April 1, 1925, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem was opened.
Today, HUJI researchers figure at the forefront of international science - from biotechnology and computer science to astrophysics and cancer research, from microbiology to solar energy and genetic engineering, as well as the humanities, including Jewish studies, social sciences and law. Nearly 40% of all civilian scientific research in Israel is conducted at the Hebrew University. The University is home to 100 subject-related and interdisciplinary research centers. Thirty percent of all doctoral candidates in Israel are enrolled at HUJI. Sixteen percent of all the research conducted at the University finds application in high-tech industry.
More than 24,000 students are enrolled at the University, including 12,000 undergraduates, 7600 master's degree students, 2,600 doctoral candidates, and 1000 at the Rothberg School for Overseas Students.
•Yad Vashem
Yad Vashem, Israel’s national Holocaust museum, presents a profoundly Jewish memorial of the Shoah. You will listen to survivors’ testimonies, view personal possessions belonging to victims and examine state-of-the-art displays aimed at preserving the story of each of the six million victims. From its dramatic structure designed by world-renowned architect Moshe Sadie – which cuts through the mountain in the form of a spike – to its powerful exhibits, such as the labyrinthine Valley of the Communities.
The tour of Yad Vashem will be a special experience which will both allow you to explore the museum in a more independent manner.
Friday, May 31st
•City of David
The story of the City of David, known in Hebrew as Ir David, began over 3,000 years ago, when King David left the city of Hebron for a small hilltop city known as Jerusalem, establishing it as the unified capital of the tribes of Israel.
Years later, David's son, King Solomon, built the First Temple next to the City of David on top of Mount Moriah, the site of the binding of Isaac, and with it, this hilltop became one of the most important sites in the world.
Today, the story of the City of David continues. Deep underground, the City of David is revealing some of the most exciting archeological finds of the ancient world. While above ground, the city is a vibrant center of activity with a visitor's center that welcomes visitors for an exciting tour to the site where much of the Bible was written.
•The Old City
The Old City in Jerusalem, is a 0.9 square kilometers (0.35 sq. mi) walled area within the modern city of Jerusalem. Until 1860, when the Jewish neighborhood, Mishkenot Sha'ananim, was established, this area constituted the entire city of Jerusalem. The Old
City is home to several sites of key religious importance: the Temple Mount and its Western Wall for Jews, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher for Christians, and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque for Muslims.
Traditionally, the Old City has been divided into four quarters, although the current designations were introduced only in the 19th century. Today, the Old City is roughly divided into the Muslim Quarter, the Christian Quarter, the Jewish Quarter and the Armenian Quarter. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the Old City was occupied by Jordan and the Jewish residents were evicted. Today, Israel controls the entire area, which it considers as part of its national capital. In 2010, Jerusalem's oldest fragment of writings was found outside of the Old City's walls.
•Western Wall and Tunnels
The Western Wall in the midst of the Old City in Jerusalem is the section of the Western supporting wall of the Temple Mount which has remained intact since the destruction of the Second Jerusalem Temple (70 C.E.). It became the most sacred spot in Jewish religious and national consciousness and tradition by virtue of its proximity to the Western Wall of the Holy of Holies in the Temple, from which, according to numerous sources, the Divine Presence never departed. It became a center of mourning over the destruction of the Temple and Israel's exile, on the one hand, and of religious - in 20th century also national - communion with the memory of Israel's former glory and the hope for its restoration, on the other.
The Western Wall Tunnel is an underground tunnel exposing the full length of the Western Wall. The tunnel is adjacent to the Western Wall and is located under buildings of the Old City of Jerusalem, Israel. While the open-air portion of the Western Wall is approximately 60 meters (200 ft.) long, the majority of its original length is hidden underground. The tunnel allows access to an additional 485 meters (1,591 ft.) of the wall.
•Shabbat
Six days a week, we compete with the natural world, building, subduing and struggling to overcome. On Shabbat, we experience a rest from this effort – it becomes a time for the spirit to rejuvenate, study, reconnect with family, friends and, just as important as oneself.
Shabbat offers the Jews a powerful spiritual opportunity to develop as individuals and as a nation. On the Sabbath, when we cease our daily activities, we allow our soul to dominate and perhaps, ascend to a higher spiritual plane. In a sense, each Sabbath is a chance for each individual to bring about the kabalistic principle of tikunolam, the mending of the universe. Shabbat is often referred to as the Shabbat Kallah, the Sabbath bride, a theme found throughout the traditional night prayers. Sixteenth century mystics of Safed created the Friday evening service, called in Hebrew, Kabalat Shabbat, which means Welcoming the Sabbath
•MK Dov Lipman
Dov, born in Washington D.C., served as a member of Knesset (2013-2015) with the Yesh Atid party. Lipman was the first American-born member in nearly 30 years. During this time, he served on several committees including the Finance Committee, The Immigration Committee, the Absorption and Dispora Affairs Committee, the Knesset
House Committee, and the special committee for the legislation drafting the ultraOrthodox into military and national service. Lipman earned his Master’s in Education at John Hopkins University and is an ordained Rabbi.
•Lone Soldiers
In the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), a lone soldier is defined as a serviceman or woman without immediate family in Israel. Lone soldiers serve in regular units and receive various forms of support from the IDF, Israeli government ministries and other organizations.
Their exact number fluctuates over time, but is consistently in the thousands; the Jewish
Telegraphic Agency reported in April 2012 that there were an "estimated 5,000". About 40% of them serve in combat units. According to an IDF spokeswoman, 8,217 personnel born outside Israel enlisted between 2009 and August 2012. The most represented countries of origin were Russia and the United States, with 1,685 and 1,661 recruits respectively.
Saturday, June 1st
• Masada
Masada (Hebrew for fortress), is situated atop an isolated rock cliff at the western end of the Judean Desert, overlooking the Dead Sea. It is a place of gaunt and majestic beauty.
Some 75 years after Herod’s death, at the beginning of the Revolt of the Jews against the Romans in 66 CE, a group of Jewish rebels overcame the Roman garrison of Masada. After the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Temple (70 CE) they were joined by zealots and their families who had fled from Jerusalem. With Masada as their base, they raided and harassed the Romans for two years. Then, in 73CE, the Roman governor Flavius Silva marched against Masada with the Tenth Legion, auxiliary units and thousands of Jewish prisoners-of-war. The Romans established camps at the base, laid siege to it and built a circumvallation wall. They then constructed a rampart of thousands of tons of stones and beaten earth against the western approaches of the fortress. In the spring of 74 CE, they moved a battering ram up the ramp and breached the wall of the fortress.
The defenders, approx. 1,000 men, women and children, led by Eleazar ben Yair, decided to burn the fortress and end their own lives, rather than be taken alive. They cast lots to choose 10 men to kill the remainder. They then chose the one man who would kill the survivors. That last Jew then killed himself.
The heroic story of Masada and its dramatic end attracted many explorers to the Judean desert in attempts to locate the remains of the fortress. To the Israelis, Masada symbolizes the determination of the Jewish people to be free in its own land.
• Dead Sea
The Dead Sea is the lowest place on earth, roughly 1,300 feet (400 meters) below sea level. It is 34 miles (55 km.) long and varies between 11 miles (18 km.) and 2 miles (3 km.) in width. The Sea is 1,400 feet (430 m.) deep. This unique sea is fed by the Jordan River. There is no outflow; and the exceptionally high rate of evaporation (high temperatures, low humidity) produces large quantities of raw chemicals. These are extracted and exported throughout the world for use in medicine, agriculture and industry.
The Dead Sea is actually shrinking. The southern end is now fed by a canal maintained by the Dead Sea Works, a company that converts the Sea's raw materials, particularly phosphates, into commercial products
Naftali Aklum
Naftali Aklum was born in Ethiopia in 1979. The following year, in 1980, Aklum’s parents were among the first groups to make Aliya to Israel via Sudan in what later became known as “Operation Moses.” Aklum is the youngest of twelve brothers and sisters, his late brother Ferede Aklum was the first Ethiopian Jew to make the journey to Jerusalem via Sudan, with Ferede then setting the stage for others to follow: after reaching Sudan in 1978, the letter Ferede wrote requesting assistance to make Aliya found its way to Menachem Begin, who then set in motion the remarkable, secret operation in which
North America Jewry played such a vital role. In his footsteps, literally, over 8,000 – off 12,000 successfully reached Jerusalem after 2,500 years of yearning
Aklum was raised and educated in Beersheba. In the army he served as a firefighter. Afkum graduated from Ben Gurion University in 2008 with a concentration in politics, government, history and Middle Eastern Studies.
Aklum participated in a number of delegations, including a 1996 visit to the United
States with the Anti-Defamation League, and in 2002, he spent a year with “Israel at Heart,” sharing the story of Israel and Ethiopian Jewry. Aklum volunteeres to help children in the city of Beersheba through its Council for the Well-Being of Children, and he served as a mentor to other Ethiopian-Israeli academics to assist them in their job placement efforts
Since 2010, Aklum have played a critical role in ENP’s SPACE (School Performance and
Community Empowerment) Scholastic Assistance Program. In his capacity as Director of
Educational Programs. He is responsible for the emotional and social well-being of 150 7th through 12th graders and oversees 15 teachers who provide intensive scholastic assistance to ENP participants.
Through Naftali’s work over the years, thousands of children have been inspired and motivated to succeed, knowing they have a mentor, a friend and a big brother who will do everything in his power to help them succeed.
Sunday, June 2nd
• Ben Gurion University
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev was established with the aim to spearhead the development of the Negev, a desert area comprising more than sixty percent of the country. The University was inspired by the vision of Israel's first Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, who believed that the future of the country lay in this region.
Today, Ben-Gurion University is a major center for teaching and research, with over
17,000 students enrolled in the faculties of Engineering Sciences, Health Sciences, Natural Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences, the Guilford Glazer School of Business and Management and the Kreitman School of Advanced Graduate Studies.
Ben-Gurion University is a world leader in arid zone research, offering its expertise to many developing countries. Its world-famous Joyce and Irving Goldman Medical School has become a model for community-oriented and global medicine. In keeping with its mandate, it plays a key role in promoting industry, agriculture and education in the Negev. Its students are known for their activities in the community, and thousands of them take part in special tutoring projects.
• Professor Limor Aharonson-Daniel
Prof. Limor Aharonson-Daniel, Vice-Rector for International Academic Affairs is the founding director of the PREPARED Center for Emergency Response Research at BenGurion University of the Negev. Limor has a BSc in Statistics from Tel-Aviv University and a PhD in Community Medicine from The University of Hong Kong. She joined BGU in 2008 after being the deputy director of The Israel National Center for Trauma and Emergency Medicine Research. In 2009 she opened and headed the Masters’ Program in Emergency Preparedness and Response (Dept. of Emergency Medicine). She then became head of the department of Emergency Medicine (2011-2016).
Limor is an expert in injury epidemiology. Apart from her contribution to international classification of injury, several of her studies resulted in innovative approaches and instruments to facilitate practically oriented studies of disasters and emergency situations. Among these are the Barell Matrix and the Conjoint Community Resiliency Assessment Measure (CCRAM). Limor has published extensively in peer reviewed journals and authored several book chapters both on Injury Research Methods and on Disaster Preparedness Assessment.
As Vice Rector for International Academic Affairs and head of BGU International, Limor strives to increase the number of courses and programs taught in English at BGU, and to increase student and staff academic mobility and exchange.
Project Wadi Attir
Located near the Bedouin town of Hura, Project Wadi Attir seeks to develop and demonstrate a model for sustainable, community-based agricultural enterprise, adapted to a desert environment.
It is designed to combine Bedouin aspirations, values and experience with sustainability principles, modern day science and cutting-edge technologies. The project was initiated in order to showcase a breakthrough approach to environmentally-sound sustainable development. It will make a real difference locally and will serve as a model for arid regions in other parts of the world.
•Ghadir Hani
Director, Public Relations, Project Wadi Atir and Organizer, Department of Economic Development, Arab-Jewish Center for Equality, Empowerment and Cooperation, Negev Institute for Strategies of Peace and Development.
•SodaStream
SodaStream International Ltd. is an Israeli drinks company best known as the maker of the consumer home carbonation product of the same name. The device, like a soda syphon, carbonates water by adding carbon dioxide from a pressurized cylinder to create soda water (or carbonated water) to drink. The company also sells more than 100 types of concentrated syrups and flavorings to make carbonated drinks.
The company was founded in 1903 in England. After the company merged with SodaClub in 1998, it was relaunched with an emphasis on healthier drinks. It went public on the NASDAQ stock exchange in November 2010. SodaStream is headquartered in Lod, Israel and has 13 production plants. Until 2015 its principal manufacturing facility was located in the Mishor Adumim Industrial Park in the West Bank, creating controversy and a boycott campaign. The boycott campaign resulted in the closing of the
SodaStream factory in Ma'ale Adumim in October 2015, with more than 500 Palestinian workers losing their jobs. The factory moved to a new facility in Lehavim.
•Adele Raemer
Born and raised in the Bronx, Adele Raemer, a former member of Young Judea Zionist Youth Movement, made Aliyah in 1973. She has lived in Kibbutz Nirim, on the border with the Gaza Strip since 1975, when she moved there as part of her IDF service. In recent years, Adele has become the unofficial voice of Israelis living in the Western Negev’s border communities. She gives talks about her region and tours of her borderlying kibbutz, helping visitors to understand the realities of living in the shadow of rockets and on the frontlines every day. During Operation Pillar of Defense, Adele became an unwitting war correspondent, being interviewed by various news media outlets. During Operation Protective Edge, she had the harrowing experience of escorting areporter into a terror tunnel located near her home.
Adele is a teacher of English as a Foreign Language, as well as a teacher trainer and counselor for the Israeli Ministry of Education. She blogs for The Times of Israel, and is the founder and moderator of the Facebook page “Life on the Border with Gaza.” Here Adele and her neighbors depict what life is really like in the Gaza envelope.
•Sderot
Sderot lies one kilometer (0.62 miles) from the Gaza Strip and town of Beit Hanoun. Since the beginning of the Second Intifada in October 2000, the city has been under constant rocket fire from Qassam rockets launched by Hamas and Islamic Jihad. Despite the imperfect aim of these homemade projectiles, they have caused deaths and injuries, as well as significant damage to homes and property, psychological distress and emigration from the city. The Israeli government has installed a "Red Dawn" alarm system to warn citizens of impending rocket attacks, although its effectiveness has been questioned. Citizens only have 15 seconds to reach shelter after the sounding of the alarm. Thousands of Qassam rockets have been launched since Israel's disengagement from the Gaza Strip in September 2005.
In May 2007, a significant increase in shelling from Gaza prompted the temporary evacuation of thousands of residents. Over 6,300 rockets have fallen on the city.
•Sderot Indoor Playground
In 10 short months Jewish National Fund (JNF) did what no one thought could be done – built the largest secure indoor recreation center for the children of Sderot.
Over the past few years, the Israeli communities on the border with Gaza have endured continual Kassam rocket attacks. These attacks are untargeted, but some have hit residences and schools, killing 11 citizens and hurting hundreds more. The city of Sderot, located on the border with Gaza, has been hardest hit — its children growing up in the shadow of violence, fear, and uncertainty.
To directly impact the lives of the children of Sderot and provide them with the chance to simply be kids, Jewish National Fund embarked on a massive project: building the largest indoor playground in Israel in Sderot. The all-inclusive Indoor Recreational Center opened on March 10, 2009 to provide Sderot’s youth, (also its senior citizens), with a place to have fun, connect with friends, enjoy stimulating classes, and be children, beyond the conflict. A place to feel strong and free, away from their daily helplessness and anxiety and parents can have peace of mind knowing that their children are playing and learning in an environment that is safe and secure.
Yedidyah Harush
Yedidya Harush is the community representative for Israeli residents living on the GazaEgypt border in the Halutza region, which was established after Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip (Gush Katif) in 2005. Growing up there, Yedidya was recruited to play basketball in the New York Yeshiva league, in a joint effort to help the children and young adults of Gush Katif evacuees lead a normal life while their families and homes were in distress.
Last year, during Operation Protective Edge, when repeated rocket attacks struck southern Israel, Yedidya’s reserve elite IDF unit and Halutza’s residents helped secure the local border and protect the country.
Yedidya is inspired to make Ben Gurion's dream in the Negev a reality. The community faces many challenges in this remote area, and building a medical center is a high priority.
• Michal Uziyahu
Michal Uziyahu is now the executive assistant to the Mayor of Eshkol regional council who is located on the border triangle with Gaza and Egypt. During the last four years she served as the Israeli Emissary in the Jewish Community in Colorado.
Michal was born and raised in Negev. After earning her Bachelors’ degree and her MBA, Michal and her husband decided to stay in the Negev and raise their three wonderful children.
Michal worked for the Negev Development Authority for six years and collaborated with JNF on developing the Negev. Michal’s Jewish identity was strengthened during her stay in the US. In addition, she was made aware of the importance of the US and Israel’s relationship.
Monday, June 3rd
•Sapir College
Sapir College is in the northern Negev. The beautifully landscaped campus is composed of dozens of buildings, in the rural setting of the surrounding kibbutzim.
Among members of Sapir’s teaching faculty are outstanding lecturers from Israel’s leading universities. Over 8,000 students, from Israel and overseas, are currently attending Sapir. Many of the Israeli students are from the Galilee, central Israel and, of course, from the south. They are offered a wide range of applied study tracks that assure graduates quick inclusion in the job market and admission to post-graduate degrees in universities in Israel and elsewhere.
•Ben Gurion University – Zuckerberg Institute of Water Research
ZIWR scientists use experimental and theoretical approaches to conduct fundamental research related to water in order to understand wide-ranging phenomena.
Our broad-based research encompasses nanoscience and pore scale phenomena and extends to pilot projects and field studies
.
Our interdisciplinary team includes hydrologists, soil scientists, geologists, chemists, microbiologists, and engineers. The result is a unique scientific environment facilitating the investigation of environmental challenges and the development of engineering solutions for water-related problems. Young and dynamic, the Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research is open to change, and research topics are “fine-tuned" to remain responsive to constantly evolving needs and challenges
.
ZIWR members are actively engaged in research projects within Israel and collaborate with other scientists worldwide. Emphasis is placed on research and development of water resources in drylands in general, and on the local conditions of the Negev in particular. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev remains mindful of its founding mission to spearhead development of Israel's southern region while taking its place in the global scientific community.
• Machtesh Ramon
Machtesh Ramon is a geological feature of Israel's Negev desert. Located at the peak of Mount Negev 85 km south of the city of Beersheba, the landform is not an impact crater from a meteor nor a volcanic crater formed by a volcanic eruption but rather is the world's largest "erosion cirque" (steep head valley or box canyons). The formation is 40 km long, 2–10 km wide and 500 meters deep, and is shaped like an elongated heart. The only settlement in the area is the small town of Mitzpe Ramon ("Ramon Lookout") located on the northern edge of the depression. Today the area forms Israel's largest national park, the Ramon Nature Reserve.
Kibbutz Ketura
Ketura was founded by a small group of young North Americans, graduates of the Young Judaea Year-In-Israel Course, at the close of the Yom Kippur War in November 1973. The first years of the kibbutz's existence were marked by great difficulties and frustrations, leading many of the founders to leave. In time, the core group of these who remained were joined by other Young Judaeans, a variety of immigrants, and graduates of the Israeli Scout movement. As Ketura grew, a more stable lifestyle was created, and the members began raising families in this, their new home. Today, Ketura has grown to be the second largest settlement in the region, with 140 members and candidates and over 147 children. One-third of the members are native Israelis; most immigrants come from English-speaking countries, with a smaller number from Europe and the former USSR.
Tuesday, June 4th
• Arava Institute
The Arava Institute for Environmental Studies (AIES) is the premier environmental education and research program in the Middle East, preparing future Jewish and Arab leaders to cooperatively solve the region's environmental challenges.
Affiliated with Ben-Gurion University, AIES’s academic programs, research, and international cooperation initiatives cover environmental concerns and challenges.
Students at AIES study a range of environmental issues from a trans-boundary and interdisciplinary perspective while learning peace-building and leadership skills. With a student body comprised of Jordanians, Palestinians, Israelis, and students from around the world, the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies offers students a unique opportunity to study and live together for an extended period of time; building networks and developing understanding that will enable future cooperative work and activism in the Middle East and beyond.
Here, the idea that nature knows no political borders is more than a belief. It is a fact, a curriculum, and a way of life.
•Cathie Granit
Cathie immigrated to Israel from New Zealand. She currently holds the position of Director of Diplomacy at the Arava Institute of Environmental Studies. Cathie lives on Kibbutz Ketura with her husband and children.
•Dr. Tareq Abu Hamed
Dr. Abu Hamed from East Jerusalem holds a Bachelor and a Master of Science in Chemical Engineering from Gazi University (Turkey), and a Ph.D in Chemical Engineering from Ankara University (Turkey), and has completed two terms of postdoctoral research at the Environmental Science and Energy Research Department of the Weizman Institute (Israel), and the University of Minnesota’s Mechanical Engineering Department Solar Energy Lab.
In 2008, he established the Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation
(CREEC) at the Arava Institute. He left the Institute in 2013 to become the Israeli Ministry of Science’s Deputy Chief Scientist, and later the Acting Chief Scientist, the highest ranking Palestinian in the Israeli government. He returned to the Arava Institute in 2016 as Director of CREEC and Academic Director.
Dr. Elaine M. Solowey
Dr. Solowey was born in 1953. She has studied commercial horticulture, desert agriculture, land reclamation, and tree surgery. She received her BSc from the University of California-Davis, her MSc from Penn State University, and her PhD from Weber State University. A member of Kibbutz Ketura since 1975 she has planted and managed orchards, introduced new crops, and founded the Center for Sustainable Agriculture at the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies. In 2005, she notoriously cultivated a date tree from a biblical age-seed found in the excavations of Masada. Dr. Solowey has been teaching at Institute since 1996, and she continues to work on the cultivation and domestication of rare medicinal plants.
•Suleiman Halasah
Acting Associate Director, Center for Trans-Boundary Water Management
Suleiman Halasah is an electrical engineer with a BSc. from the University of Jordan, and a MSc. from Ben Gurion University. After completing his first degree, Suleiman worked as a research assistant for the Department of Computer Engineering at the University of Jordan. He also served as a control engineer for the Jordan Valley Authority in the Jordanian Ministry of Water and Irrigation. In this position, he was responsible for the SCADA System in the Southern Ghors Irrigation Project.
While working on his M Sc., Suleiman continued his professional work in the field of renewable energy, water and the environment. Suleiman became a cofounder of Global Sun Partners, a renewable energy company that works on building solar energy PV power plants in several countries in the world. Suleiman has served as a panel member on the topic of water security and climate change at the UN Department of Public Information/ NGO Conference in New York in 2007. In the same year, he was invited to speak at the First International Conference on Sustainable Energy as a Catalyst for Regional Development at the Eilat/Eilot Regional Council. Suleiman established Integrated GREEN Solutions (i.GREENs) which aims to improve the environmental awareness and introduce green solutions in Jordan and the Middle East.
•Arava International Center for Agricultural Training (AICAT)
Located in Sapir, the regional service center for Central Arava, AICAT aims to establish itself as the national and international leading authority in sophisticated arid lands agricultural studies and training and is a central platform for global collaborations in the agriculture arena. AICAT provides not only an invaluable contribution to developing countries and their students who attend it, but also provides additional workplaces for residents and extra working hands to the local agricultural industry. Under a single roof, with a multitude of cultures and shared human attributes, students receive professional agricultural training and live a unique experience that enables them to discover their capabilities and the means for fulfilling their potential.
Over the years the Center has received students from various Asian countries, including
Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam, Laos, Philippines, India, Ethiopia,
Southern Sudan, Jordan and Tibet. As the number of participating countries increases and the center becomes the global hub for agricultural training, the student population will more than triple over the next five years bringing the need for a larger campus.
•Hanni Arnon
Hanni Arnon is the founder and director of AICAT. AICAT was established in 1994. Hanni has lived on Moshav Idan since 1986.
•Vidor Center
The Vidor Center introduces you to the Arava in all its variety, covering topics such as the region's uniquely advanced agriculture alongside its water and soil challenges, the history of the Arava communities, geology, aquaculture, the local fascinating colorful crops and much more.
•Noa Zer
Born and raised in the suburbs of Tel Aviv, Noa Zer moved to Moshav Paran in the
Central Arava in April 2011 and heads the Resource Development Department at the Central Arava Regional Council, where she is responsible for fundraising as well as foreign affairs and connections to Jewish communities in the Diaspora. Zer is married to a second-generation farmer from Paran and together they are starting their second agricultural season as pepper growers. She is also writing her master’s thesis for the department of public policy at Tel Aviv University.
•Hatzeva
Hatzeva is a moshav in southern Israel. Located in the Arava, 12 kilometers north of Ein Yahav. It falls under the jurisdiction of Central Arava Regional Council. In 2017 it had a population of 584.
Hatzeva was founded in 1965 as a Nahal settlement near the Arava Road and became a moshav in 1968. It was named after the nearby Hatzeva Fortress. In 1971 its location changed slightly. Near the moshav's access road lies the Hatzeva field school (Gidron), located where the moshav was until 1971.
•Merav Michaeli
Merav Michaeli was a Member of Knesset where she served as faction head of the Labor
Party and Opposition Whip. Former MK Michaeli played an active role as Chair of the Caucus for Female Knesset Members and was a member of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committees.
Her legislative agenda focused on economic justice and women’s rights, with successes in revising bankruptcy law and increasing financial support for Holocaust survivors. As a prominent journalist, TV anchor, radio broadcaster, and activist, she is known for her powerful feminist voice, her ability to challenge conventional views, and as a fierce defender of minority rights, equality and democracy in Israel.
Wednesday, June 5th
•The Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya (IDC)
IDC Herzliya was established in 1994 by Prof. Uriel Reichman, as the first private institution of higher education in Israel. Now in its second decade of activity, its schools and research institutes have won renown internationally.
Since its establishment, IDC Herzliya has been an academic avant-garde. As such, its faculty takes part in the fascinating process that is reshaping Israel. They deal with constitutional and governmental reconstruction, economic growth, reevaluation of Israel’s strategy and policies of foreign relations, as well as the country’s social and moral agenda.
IDC Herzliya is unique in its educational methods, which are based on an interdisciplinary approach, teaching of information technology and global markets. IDC combines theory with real world experience and provides its students with proficiencies. Its basic outlook, which is rooted in the twin concepts of individual freedom and responsibility, emphasizes student’s entrepreneurship and leadership alongside commitment to community service.
•Tel Aviv University
Located in Israel's cultural, financial and industrial heartland, Tel Aviv University is the largest university in Israel and the biggest Jewish university in the world. It is a major center of teaching and research, comprising nine faculties, 106 departments, and 90 research institutes. Its origins go back to 1956, when three small education units - The Tel Aviv School of Law and Economics, an Institute of Natural Sciences, and an Institute of Jewish Studies - joined together to form the University of Tel Aviv.
In addition to its basic functions of research and teaching, Tel Aviv University contributes its expertise to the welfare of society at large; plays a part in all aspects of national life; and addresses regional and international issues.
Faculty members serve in the Knesset and the Cabinet, in government agencies, and in professional organizations and public bodies. Students are encouraged to tutor disadvantaged children, volunteer services to the elderly, and aid the community through a broad range of social involvement programs, such as TAU's wide-scale Price-Brodie
Initiative in Jaffa.
Middle Eastern history, strategic studies, and the search for peace are central concerns for Tel Aviv University researchers. The Institute for Diplomacy and Regional Cooperation, founded by the Peres Center for Peace, the Armand Hammer Fund for Economic Cooperation in the Middle East, the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African History, the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, the Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research and the Morris E. Curiel Center for International Studies are respected sources of information for government and private institutions, the press and the public.
•Bar Ilan University
Bar Ilan University is the second largest university in Israel, with a student population of approximately 24,500 at the main campus in Ramat Gan, and at the four regional colleges operating under its auspices – in the Jordan Valley, in Safed, in the western Galilee and in Ashkelon.
The university regards the sacred principles of Judaism as the manifestation of the Jewish people's uniqueness, in accordance with the principles defined upon its establishment. The university's basic roles include supporting the safeguarding of these principles out of love and with the purpose of training and producing scholars, researchers and men of science knowledgeable in the Torah and imbued with the original Jewish spirit and love of one's brethren. Aiming to excel in research, in recent years Bar-Ilan University has placed ma
** The photograph shows part of my personal collection of Mugler fragrances
From Right to left: 2ml A*men metal flask, A*Men 30ml metal flask 2011, A*Men 100ml metal flask 2011,B*men metal flask 2004,pure coffee,pure malt,pure havane vintage 2010, 'Le Gout du parfum-The taste of fragrance', Pure shot, Pure energy in metal flask, A*Men 30ml metal flask 2011, A*Men Seducing 30ml rubber flacon, Pure Havane 2014 Original formulation, Pure malt creation, Pure wood, ultra zest, Angel Men USA travel spray presentation set, A*Men 2018 reformulation in metal flask, A*Men Gold esdition 2012 in presentation case, Pure tonka,pure havane 2018 reformulation, kryptomint,pure tonka in gold edition flask,
A devil's take on Angel for Men & the 'Pure series' of Manfred Thierry Mugler
The chemoreception that forms the sense of smell is called 'olfaction', a sense that is crucial in the detection of hazards, food and pheromones. Through orthonasal olfaction and retronasal olfaction, we breathe and chew flavours and odours good and otherwise, a crucial part of our daily lives. The human function of smelling is carried out by two small odour-detecting patches consisting of approximately five or six million yellowish cells within the nasal passages, and although feeble in comparison to those of animals - a rabbit has 100 million of these olfactory receptors, and a dog 220 million, we are nonetheless capable of quite an acute sense of smell.
I was one of those souls born with the ability to detect, pinpoint, appreciate the smell of things around me to a heightened degree compared to my peers, and from an early age began to appreciate the importance of fragrant smells around me long before others could detect them. Let's be honest here, back in the sixties and early seventies when I was a boy, there were few pleasant fragrances on the market for men, and my first foray into the world of smelling 'good' came with Fabergé's famous, perhaps infamous offering of Brut 33. Cologne, body wash and hair shampoo, soap on a rope and Christmas box sets from Gran were a must, with a plethora of unsuspecting passers by collapsing from the ghastly scent cloud which hung over me like a personalised storm cloud through my adolescence.
Fast forward my difficult teenage years and into manhood (the brief memories I can muster through those years of drunken debauchery), the emergence of some splendid male fragrances to elevate me towards 'stud' status with the ladies, 'Denim for men' by Faberge, Pfizer's 1967 stalwart 'hai karate',Procter & Gamble's 'old spice' with the wonderful music used from 'Damien' heading up the TV adverts in clorious monochrome, I was by now searching for something different, something daring, a signature scent to call my own. Hitting me like a thunderbolt, straight between the eyes in the midst of my clubbing days at London's Hippodrome, Cafe de Paris and Stringfellows nightclubs, came a new fragrance that literally knocked me, and the fragrance world for six. Like one of those Marmite atser tests it was loved and hated, cosseted or despised, yet few could ever deny the impact that it had on the world. Things would never be the same again. A fragrance bold and powerful, unashamedly masculine with notes of patchouli and Bourbon vanilla and toasted Arabica coffee beans conspiring to bombard one's senses and pound them into submission..... It separated the men from the boys, garnered attention and compliments, and got right up the noses of those moany old aunties who thought the smell of carbolic soap behind the ears was a prelude to passion and romance and always bought us socks and hankies with our initials printed in the corners for Christmas presents, expecting us to conform and 'belong'.
Mugler's concept behind A*Men focussed on comic strip superheroes that as children we idolised and who's adventures we followed in weekly comic books or animated cartoon feature films. The rubber flasks designed by Mugler himself, echoed the rubber suits adorning the flesh of so many superheroes, and also provided an Eco-friendly option of disposal as objects that could be recycled. With the success of A*Men around the world, Mugler waited a full eight long years before creating a new fragrance for men.
B*Men was launched across the globe to a fanfare of press releases with a range of grooming products including shower gel and after shave lotion, promotional mini rubber flask 2ml editions and even a beautiful grey metal flask limited edition in a presentation case, plus one boxed edition with a comic included just like it's predecessor some years earlier. But the press were less than kind about that 'difficult second album' so to speak, and the internet is littered with mediocre reviews and fragrance lover's reviews that all point to the new 'baby' being nothing more than a toned down version of it's older stable-mate. In truth B*Men is far from disappointing, and despite being discontinued and view in retrospect as a failure, in latter years though rarer to find and ever more expensive to purchase, it has come to be viewed as a unique and appealing fragrance in it's own right. That 'difficult second album', sadly could not live up to the legendary first, perhaps merely a victim of hype and stratospheric level expectations.
A*Men & the 'Pure' series of fragrances
My personal collection of Thierry Mugler A-men & Pure fragrances isn't definitive by any means in terms of someone who is an outright 'collector'. Missing are various versions and special editions, presentation boxes with original comics and certain American issues where the fragrance was marketed as Angel Men, but it is assembled though my love and deep passion for these fragrances which, to my nose are quite simply exquisite in all their variances and aromas.
It all began for me back in 1996 when Mugler offered the mens version of the female fragrance which had taken the world by storm and created a new genre for them, the Gourmands (they smell so good you could eat them!). A*men was different, startling, polarising even. Not for shrinking violets, I can still remember the amount of comments that I received when wearing that fragrance, though sadly through the years, as with many major fragrance houses, the original fragrance has fallen victim to reformulation and the current 2018 version is a pale shadow of it's vicious, snarling beastly brother from the nineties.
Two other Mugler pure series fragrances have also sparked controversy on various websites having also fallen victim to the reformulation game, Pure Malt and Pure Havane, and again current 2018 versions are arguably nowhere near the aromatic wonder and perfection of their ancestors. More on that later. So here is a brief (and not comprehensive) overview of the Thierry Mugler range starting back in 1996 with the game-changer, the daddy of them all..... A*Men.
A little background
Manfred Thierry Mugler was born on December 21st 1948 in Strasbourg, France. At the age of nine years old he began studying classical dance and later at age fourteen he joined the ballet corps for the Opéra national du Rhin in Alsace. He also began formal interior design training at École supérieure des arts décoratifs de Strasbourg. After moving to Paris he began designing clothes for Parisian boutique, Gudule and within two years became a freelance designer for fashion houses in London, Paris, Milan and Barcelona.
Mugler moved from strength to strength, his first collection in 1973 followed three years later featuring in an event organised by Japanese company Shiseido. His first boutique opened in 1978 and during the eighties and nineties his name and popularity increased dramatically. Also a keen photographer, he published his first photographic book in 1988, and has worked as director for short films and adverts, and even collaborated with Cirque du soleil. But for all that, I noticed him only when he turned his hand to the art of fragrance.
Mugler's entrance into the fragrance world came in 1992, after he approched Jacques Courtin-Clarins of the Clarins group founded in 1954 with a view to backing his first ever fragrance creation. Clarins bought a stake in Thierry Mugler Couture and Mugler began 'Le cercle' for it's customers, and 'La source' to allow refilling of fragrance bottles. Angel was an overnight success, with the groundbreaking, award winning woman's perfume going on to sell more than $280 Million annually along with Alien, launched in 2005. By March 2019 global sales for all Mugler fragrances exceeded $797 Million. Suddenly we men were victims of the scent, rendered incoherent, incapable, speechless by the mere whiff of a woman passing by adorned by this new and remarkable wonder scent. Us guy's had to wait another four long years until 1996 for our chance to feel unique beneath the glitter balls on the dance floors the world over, when 'A*Men was launched and the world of fragrances changed forever. Angel was inducted into the Fifi awards Hall of fame in 2007, an annual event sponsored by The Fragrance Foundation which honor the fragrance industry's creative achievements. A*men also won the 1998 fragrance of the year - Prestige there. Mugler approched Clarins to help him create and market his first perfume, and to this day Mugler is still part of the Clarins empire.
An incomplete History
1996 A*Men
2004 Angel Men Travel spray (January USA only release of presentation box containing a tall skinny rubber flask fitted with 15ml cartridge ans two separate 15ml refill cartridges. Batch number 401327)
2004 B*Men
2004 B*Men Metal flask edition in presentation box (Batch number 408074). Released in August 2004
2006 A*Men summer flash
2007 Ice*Men
2008 Pure coffee
2009 Pure Malt Edition Limitee
2010 Show collection Bracelet de force Limited Edition (A-men in different rubber flask). Released October 2010
2010 A*Men sunessence edition orage d'ete (Released in March another summer version of A*MEN)
2011 Pure Malt - Rerelease due to popular demand. No longer says 'edition limitee' on the front.
2011 Pure Havane Edition Limitee (Original white Cigar style logo on box) Released in May 2011
2011 Le gout de parfum (The Taste of fragrance) – Sometimes referred to as 'Pure Chilli' and created with a chefs eye to a fragrance, by Helene Darozze.
2011 30ml Zamac metal rechargeable edition
2011 2ml Zamac Metal rechargeable edition sample 'Not for sale' on box
2012 Les parfums de cuir (Pure Leather) Released in October 2012.
2012 A*men Gold edition – Limited edition gold flacon in presentation box like B*Men special edition). Manufactured in November 2011 for 2012 release.
2012 Pure Shot (See below for details)
2012 Pure Havane (USA only re-release due to popular demand still with white cigar box style label on the box)
2013 Pure Energy – Edition Limitee (Re-released 'Pure shot', again in white rubber flacon)
2013 Pure malt creation (Special limited edition variation on original 'Pure malt', in a white box with silver lettering).
2014 Pure Havane - January Re-release in a different box. No white cigar label. Now says: 'Thierry Mugler' and underneath 'Sublimee de notes fumees-sublimented by smoky notes'. Still original formulation.
2014 A*Men Urban - Limited edition. Created by Jacques Huclier & Givaudan, a Swiss manufacturer of flavors, fragrances, and active cosmetic ingredients.
2014 Pure Havane – Sublimee de notes fumees (Re-release now in a different box. Cigar style white logo replaced by oblong white logo. 'Thierry mugler' in gold on front of box)
2014 Pure wood – Sublimee de notes boisees, Released June 2014.
2015 Ultra zest Edition Limitee(The first move away from the 'Pure' series of names.
2015 A*Men vaporisateur Metal rechargeable (Metal Zamac flacon in standard Pure series box)
2015 Pure Havane - October 2nd re-release. 1st reformulation with box the same as 2014 release.
2015 Pure Malt - October re-release. 1st reformulation with box the same as 2012 release.
2016 Pure Tonka – Sublimee de notes torrefiees. Released Feb 2016.
2016 Pure Havane (Still same box as 2014 release and re-released)
2017 Kryptomint (Sometimes referred to as 'Pure mint'.) The new box now states 'MUGLER' instead of 'Thierry Mugler' on front.
2018 Pure Malt (Reformulation). The new box now states 'MUGLER' instead of 'Thierry Mugler' on front.
2018 Pure Havane – April re-release and 2nd reformulation. 'Sublimee de notes fumees' (Repackaged for the third time. Oblong white logo and now says 'MUGLER' on front of box. Reformulated with prominent cherry/honey opening and arguably diminished longevity and projection.
2018 A*Men Silver metal Zamac edition in normal Mugler box rather than presentation box)
2018 Alien Man
2019 Alien Man Fusion
2019 A*Men Ultimate
An interesting theme which runs through the Mugler 'Pure' and A*Men/B*Men series of fragrances comes from the nose behind them, Perfumer Jacques Huclier. Huclier only shared duties on a few fragrances: B*Men with Christine Nagel/Ultra Zest with Quintin Bisch & Taste of Fragrance with top chef Helene Darozze.
'PURE SHOT' & THE 'FACE OF MUGLER' OSCAR PISTORIUS
Oscar Leonard Carl Pistorius was a South African Double amputee athlete from 2004 to 2013 known as 'Blade runner' after his endeavours at the Paralympic and Olympic games, even competing against non-disabled professional competition. On 14th February 2013, Pistorius shot and killed his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp at his home in Pretoria. A year later after a high profile court case, he was cleared of murder but found guilty of Culpable homicide and handed down a five year prison sentence and a concurrent three year suspended sentence for a reckless endangerment charge. In 2015 his case was heard by the Supreme Court of Appeal which overturned the verdict of Culpable homicide and convicted him of murder, extending his sentence to six years which was later extended to a term of Thirteen years after the State appealed at a lenient sentence.
At the height of his fame as an athlete, Pistorius had won six Gold medals at the Paralympic games, as well as a silver and bronze, a Gold at the IPC World Championships and three other silver medals.
In March 2011, one month after signing a contract with the Clarins Group and Mugler, Pistorius featured in an advertising campaign for Thierry Mugler's A*MEN, directed by Ali Mahdavi. In the advert he is wearing his customary artificial carbon fibre limbs but coated in a futuristic chrome cladding which was designed by Thierry Mugler & Stefano Canulli. Two versions of the advert were aired if fifteen and thirty second guise along with various magazine spreads.
In 2012 Mugler had launched 'Pure shot', which understandably, following Pistorius' arrest and trial over the shooting of his girlfriend, became something of a coincidental faux pas in terms of marketing and association, and the decision was made to drop him from all future campaigns. Mugler stated that the decision to drop Pistorius was ' Out of respect and compassion for the families implicated in this tragedy'. Nike also dropped the convicted ex-athlete.
Left in something of a pickle, production of 'Pure shot' was terminated and the design team quickly utilised the same white flacon and blue and white boxes used for 'Pure shot', now repackaged as 'Pure energy' which was released in 2013. To say that the renaming and repackaging has caused confusion to this day would be an understatement, with internet fragrance sites alive with stories and rumours, reasons for changes and a belief that the two perfumes were and are different in aromatic terms. Even on Fragrantica the overall scores differ for what is essentially the same perfume repackaged.
Personal favourites
Fragrantica scores show Pure malt creation as most loved with 4.58 followed by original 2011 Pure havane 4.43. Then Original pure malt 4.41 and ultra zest 4.28. Bringing up the rear with least liked is Bracelet de force at 3.29 though that is partly due to rarity and the fact it was simply A*Men repackaged. The father of all A*Men scores a measly 3.77, due in part to poor reviews for the newer refomulations.
Each of us are different, each of us has a different take on a smell, and any top five or ten of fragrances is deeply personal, subjective, sometimes even sentimental. Take my choices with a pinch of salt, because what I love, what fragrances work on my skin, with my oils, may not work on someone else's. But... as a lover of tonka bean and vanilla in a fragrance there could be only one winner for my nose and that would be...
Pure Tonka
A heavenly, creamy caramel, latte of a fragrance which, although fairly linear on my skin throughout the duration of it's stay, just wafts into my nasal cavity and gives me a feel good factor which is beaten by no other fragrance on the planet. That's right, it is my go to, signature scent, receiving countless compliments from customers and co workers alike (I work in retail meeting hundreds of the great unwashed public every single day), and standing the test of time, easily lasting up to ten hours on my old craggy skin. It is 'da bomb'. Nectar. The holy grail. I am in love with that juice. There, I've said it. Nothing that a year of therapy cannot cure me of!
Close behind would be the original formulation of Pure Havane which is just insanely gorgeous, then Pure Energy/Pure shot, Pure Malt (Original formulation and Pure malt creation), and Pure wood which is a stunner. My least favourite is Kryptomint, not because I don't care for the aroma, more that on my skin it becomes a skin scent within two hours and that for me is not acceptable.
And what about original formula A*Men from 1996.... I just can't bring myself to compare it the it's siblings and flanker army. It's still just so special, so unique, so important in my own life, the first fragrance that really changed my life. It made me feel special, it gave me confidence that I could pull it off when many of my peers still clung to mediocre, underwhelming, under performing fragrances that did them no service. A*Men is something special, a game changer, it still is, if you can get yourself a vintage bottle over the various reformulations that have lost that amazing opening 'tar' note, along with what was once stratospheric levels of sillage, projection and longevity. The new formula is still excellent, still different, still a great, but not 'as' great as the original.
The future of the 'Pure' series
Well, sadly, now in March 2019 having dealt with a lovely lady who works for the Mugler/Clarins empire out of 'House of Fraser', and has an insiders ear to the ground so to speak... It seems to be a case of time up for the pure series. At least for now. Mutterings in the fragrance community, Basenotes and Fragrantica message boards and even some well known fragrance reviewers residing in the sanctuary of 'YouTube' land, have been heard begging for Mugler to put a cap on the plethora of A*Men flankers, seal it tight and chuck it over the tallest waterfall they can find! Many have long believed that Mugler needed to reinvent themselves with an entirely new, standalone male fragrance with a name that doesn't include the word 'Pure', nor come in a rubber flask that posesses the worst spray mechanism in any fragrance known on this entire planet (I shit you not. It's true sadly and there are YouTube videos teaching you how to liberate the sprayer within by butchering the lovely rubber flask!!!). It seems that myself and a few Mugler diehards are unfortunately in a minority, a sad fact backed by the release of the awful 'Alien man' and 'Alien fusion' offerings.... I'd like to type more but I've gone into a rage over the new releases, have started pounding on the keyboard like a boxer in a heavyweight title fight and fear that I may go balls out postal at any given moment......
I am not alone in finding 'Alien man' an utter and bewildering mess of a fragrance, too floral, too feminine and on my skin projection, sillage and logevity are less than that of the lesser spotted May fly found only in remote sections of the Pongamuchly rain forest of Papua new guinea with a life span measured in minutes! If I wanted to buy a skin scent, I could always revisit Brutt 33 and it's kindred spirits. A relative non seller, Mugler tried to boost sales by reinventing the fragrance with 'Alien fusion', but alas for my taste, a similar failure to it's older brother is inevitable, and although part of my collection, not one that I reach for often, nor would care to purchase in the near future, unless reduced to a snivelling cut priced bargain at my local back street chemist with a few packs of waterproof plasters and some incontinence pads thrown in as a sweetener! I lament the demise of the pure range that I have loved for so many years, and still do. I scour the bay of fleas (that would be Ebay), for vintage bottles of Havane and malt, B*Men and Pure wood, and can only hope that at some point new and exciting aromas might see the light of day. 'Pure sicilian lemon zest', 'pure vanilla','Pure Grapefruit and mango', 'Pure suede'..... well, a man can dream can't he...
OCTOBER 2019 'Pure series' Resurection...
Released in October 2019 came a shot out of the blue... quite literally... in the shape of the Blue box, Blue flacon and blue Star of A*Men Ultimate. Described as an oriental woody fragrance created once more by Jacques Huclier, and reaching a 3.8 score out of 5 on Fragrantica, the fragrance certainly seemed to offer a little of the old magic from some of the past pure series releases.
Any info on Pure fragrances that I have missed would be gratefully accepted. If you have not tried any of the Pure series... what the hell is wrong with you! Get out there and sample some now. It's a brave new world of fragrances and some of the finest smells in a bottle ever made are right there in the Mugler back catalogue... What are you waiting for..
Part two of 'A devil's take on 'Angel*Men' & the 'Pure series' of Manfred Thierry Mugler', looks at the thorny issue of reformulations, specifically of MUGLER PURE HAVANA and can be found here:
www.flickr.com/photos/despitestraightlines/47397173002/in...
Part three can be found here:
www.flickr.com/photos/despitestraightlines/46769907944/in...
****UPDATE ON MOVING AWAY FROM MUGLER****
My journey with Mugler ended somewhere in 2020 when I sold off my entire collection to a very happy collector, as I had grown disillusioned with the way that Mugler no longer cared about it's male customers.
The Alien Man range was in my opinion weak and feeble, and the constant watering down and reformulation of the superb Pure Malt and Pure Havane fragrances left me angry and not wishing to waste any more of my money on such rubbish. With the death of the Pure range came a drive upwards in prices on original bottles, and by February 2023 you could see Pure Havane and Pure Malt/Pure Tonka boxed editions selling for anything up to £200 a pop on the Bay of Fleas!
Time to walk away from a once loved range.
I moved onto other ranges, and found a beautiful and almost identical fragrance to my beloved Mugler Pure Havane, in the shape of Reyane Tradition INSURRECTION II WILD which was released in France in 2013. Initially commanding a mere $20 in the USA, by the time I found it it was between £40 and £75 in the UK. It is utterly gorgeous and takes me back to Pure Havane every time I use it with a honey, heavy cherry and cuban cigar vibe that is addictive.
I also moved towards the house of Maison Margiela where the Replica range which has run since 2012, has fabulous fragrances such as BY THE FIREPLACE (smoky/boozy like Havane) and JAZZ CLUB (as good as Pure Malt), plus UNDER THE LEMON TREES (Better than Pure Zest), WHISPERS IN THE LIBRARY (like Pure Leather)... also limited runs and costing £110 retail, but also offering me those gorgeous aromas I so loved with Mugler (duty free prices come down to £80 and similar on discount fragrance sites)
Paul Williams March 21st 2019 and updated on March 16th 2023
A Dastaar (Punjabi: ਦਸਤਾਰ, dastāar, from Persian: دستار) or Pagṛi (Punjabi: ਪਗੜੀ) or Pagg (Punjabi: ਪੱਗ), is an item of headgear associated with Sikhism and is an important part of the Sikh culture. Wearing a Sikh turban is mandatory for all Amritdhari (baptized) Sikh men and women (also known as Khalsa).
Among the Sikhs, the Dastaar is an article of faith that represents honour, self-respect, courage, spirituality, and piety. The Khalsa Sikh men and women, who keep the Five Ks, wear the turban partly to cover their long, uncut hair (kesh). The Khalsa Sikhs regard the Dastaar as an important part of the unique Sikh identity.
HISTORY
The Dastaar has been an important part of the Sikh religion since the time of the First Guru. Guru Angad Dev honoured Guru Amar Das with a special Dastaar when he was declared the next Guru. At the time when Guru Ram Das passed on, Guru Arjan Dev was honoured with the Dastaar of Guruship.
Marne di pag Pirthiye badhi. Guriyaee pag Arjan Ladhi
Guru Gobind Singh, the last human Sikh Guru, wrote:
Kangha dono vaqt kar, paag chune kar bandhai. ("Comb your hair twice a day and tie your turban carefully, turn by turn.")
Bhai Rattan Singh Bhangu, one of the earliest Sikh historians, wrote in Sri Gur Panth Parkash:
Doi vele utth bandhyo dastare, pahar aatth rakhyo shastar sambhare
Kesan ki kijo pritpal, nah(i) ustran se katyo vaal
Tie your Dastaar twice a day and wear shaster (weapons to protect dharma), and keep them with care, 24 hours a day.
Take good care of your hair. Do not cut or damage your hair.
SIGNIFICANCE
In the Khalsa society, the turban signifies many virtues:
SPIRITUALITY
The Dastaar is a symbol of spirituality and holiness in Sikhism.
HONOUR & SELF-RESPECT
The Dastaar is also a symbol of honour and self-respect. In the Punjabi culture, those who have selflessly served the community are traditionally honoured with turbans.
RESPONSIBILITY
Rasam Pagri ("Turban ceremony") is a ceremony in North India. Rasam Pagri takes place, when a man passes away and his oldest son takes over the family responsibilities by tying the turban in front of a large gathering. It signifies that now he has shouldered the responsibility of his father and he is the head of the family.
PIETY & MORAL VALUES
The Dastaar also signifies piety and purity of mind. In the Punjabi society, the Khalsa Sikhs are considered as protectors of the weak, even among the non-Sikhs. In the older times, the Khalsa warriors moved from village to village at night, during the battles. When they needed a place to hide from the enemy, the womenfolk, who had a very high degree of trust in them used to let them inside their houses. It was a common saying in Punjab: Aye nihang, booha khol de nishang ("The nihangs are at the door. Dear woman! go ahead open the door without any fear whatsoever.")
COURAGE
Sikhs wear a Dastaar, partly to cover their long hair, which is never cut, as per the wish of their last human Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. There are many references in the Sikh history that describe how Guru Gobind Singh personally tied beautiful dumalas (Dastaar) on the heads of both his elder sons Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh, and how he personally gave them arms, decorated them like bridegrooms, and sent them to the battlefield at Chamkaur Sahib where they both died as martyrs. A saffron-colored turban is especially identified with courage, sacrifice and martyrdom.
FRIENDSHIP & RELATIONSHIP
Pag Vatauni ("exchange of turban") is a Punjabi custom, in which the men exchange Dastaars with their closest friends. Once they exchange turbans they become friends for life and forge a permanent relationship. They take a solemn pledge to share their joys and sorrows under all circumstances. Exchanging turban is a glue that can bind two individuals or families together for generations.
SAYINGS
There are many Punjabi idioms and proverbs that describe how important is a Dastaar in one's life. Bhai Gurdas writes:
Tthande khuhu naike pag visar(i) aya sir(i) nangai
Ghar vich ranna(n) kamlia(n) dhussi liti dekh(i) kudhange
("A man, after taking a bath at the well during winter time, forgot his Dastaar at the well and came home bareheaded.
When the women saw him at home without a Dastaar, they thought someone had died and they started to cry.")
SIGN OF SIKHISM
The Dastaar is considered an important part of the unique Sikh identity. The bare head is not considered appropriate as per gurbani. If a Sikh wants to become one with his/her Guru, he/she must look like a guru (wear a Dastaar). Guru Gobind Singh stated:
Khalsa mero roop hai khaas. Khalse me hau karo niwas.
("Khalsa is a true picture of mine. I live in Khalsa.")
Maintaining long hair and tying Dastaar is seen as a token of love and obedience of the wishes of Sikh gurus. A quote from Sikhnet:
“The Dastaar is our Guru's gift to us. It is how we crown ourselves as the Singhs and Kaurs who sit on the throne of commitment to our own higher consciousness. For men and women alike, this projective identity conveys royalty, grace, and uniqueness. It is a signal to others that we live in the image of Infinity and are dedicated to serving all. The turban doesn't represent anything except complete commitment. When you choose to stand out by tying your Dastaar, you stand fearlessly as one single person standing out from six billion people. It is a most outstanding act.”
STYLES OF DASTAARS
MEN`S DOUBLE PATTI (NOK)
This is a very common Sikh turban style. It is very common in Punjab, India. The Nok is a double wide Dastaar. 6 meters of the Dastaar cloth are cut in half, then into two 3 meter pieces. They are then sewn together to make it Double wide, thus creating a "Double Patti," or a Nok Dastarr. This Dastaar is larger than most Sikh dastars, but contains fewer wraps around the head.
CHAND TORA DHAMALA
This style of turban is generally worn by Nihang Sikh men . This is a warrior style Dastaar meant for going into battle. The "Chand Tora" is a metal symbol consisting of a crescent and a double edged sword, it is held in place at the front of the Dastaar by woven chainmail cord tied in a pattern within the Dastaar to protect the head from slashing weapons.
AMRITSAR DHAMALA
This is the most common Dhamala Dastaar. It consists of:
one 5 meter piece (Pavo Blue)
one 11 meter piece any color, commonly sabz (white) and pavo blue. Both pieces are 35 cm wide, and referred to in Amritsar as Dhamala Material.
BASIC DHAMALA
This is a very simple and basic Dhamala Sikh Dastaar. This is the most popular turban among young Sikhs of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha and also quite popular among those of Damdami Taksal in countries like America, the United Kingdom and Canada.
GENERAL SIKH DASTAAR
Another common Sikh Dastaar style for men. Unlike the "double patti" Dastaar, the Dastaar is longer and goes 7 times around the head. If you use the "Notai" technique and have a big joora (hair knot), do not make it right in front at your forehead. You will end up tying the Dastaar on the joora, and it will make your Dastaar look very high and big. According to modern Punjabi style the last (larh) of Dastaar is given a "V" shape by using the Dastaar pin. Sikhs also use a specially designed Dastaar Needle (Punjabi:Salai,ਸਲਾਈ OR Baaj,ਬਾਜ) to tuck their hair inside from Dastaar and Patka and also to maintain Dastaar cleanliness.
PATKA/KESKI DASTAAR
This is a common sikh Dastaar among young boys. It is normally used as more of a casual Pugree, or sometimes for sports. Commonly, this is a peela (shade of yellow) coloured turban. Contrary to popular belief Patkas are actually types of Dastaars.
These are the basic Sikh Pugaree types. Turban theory states that the main pugaree types are starting points, and anyone can invent their own Dastaar styles.
In May 2009, The Times of India reported that British researchers were trying to make a "bulletproof turban" that would allow the Sikhs in the British police to serve in firearms units.
HARASSMENT FACED BY TURBAN-WEARING SIKHS
After the September 11, 2001 attacks in USA, many Dastaar-wearing Sikhs faced assaults by some Americans who confused them with the Arabs (who were being associated with terrorism). The United States Department of Justice worked with the Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund (SALDEF) to issue a poster aimed at getting the Americans acquainted with the Sikh turbans.
CONFLICTS WITH CIVIL LAW
In modern times, there have been conflicts between Sikhs – especially those outside India – and laws which conflict with always wearing a Dastaar.
Sikh soldiers refused to wear helmets during World War I and World War II. Many Sikhs have refused to remove the Dastaar even in jails. Sikh scholar and social activist Bhai Randhir Singh underwent a fast to be able to wear a Dastaar in prison.
In the UK in 1982, the headmaster of a private school refused to admit an orthodox Sikh as a pupil unless he removed the Dastaar and cut his hair. This led to the long legal battle, Mandla v. Dowell Lee.
In Canada in 1990, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Baltej Singh Dhillon, an RCMP officer, should be allowed to wear a Dastaar while on duty. See the case of Grant v. Canada A.G (1995) 125 D.L.R. (4th) 556 (F.C.A.) aff'd (1994) 81 F.T.R. 195 (F.C.T.D.) (Reed J.) where the court said that the Sikh RCMP officer had a constitutional right to wear his Dastaar and that the government’s decision to accommodate him was required to protect freedom of religion:
"The defendants and the intervenors, particularly the able argument of Ms. Chotalia for the Alberta Civil Liberties Association, turn the plaintiffs' argument respecting discrimination on its head. They argue that the Commissioner's decision was designed to prevent discrimination occurring to Khalsa Sikhs. As such they argue that that decision offends none of the provisions of the Charter, indeed that it is required by section 15 of the Charter." para 103 Shirish Chotalia, Alberta lawyer, represented the Sikh Society of Calgary, the Alberta Civil Liberties Association, and the Friends of the Sikhs, pro bono.
In the United States in 2002, Jasjit Singh Jaggi, a Sikh traffic policeman employed with the New York Police Department, was forced to leave his job because he insisted on wearing a Dastaar on duty. He petitioned with the New York Human Rights Commission, and in 2004 a US judge ruled that he should be reinstated.
In France in 2004, the Sikh community protested against the introduction of a law prohibiting the display of any religious symbols in state-run schools. The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee urged the French Government to review the bill, stating that the ban would have grave consequences for the Sikhs. The Government of India discussed the matter with the French officials, who stated that an exception for turbaned Sikh boys in French public schools was not possible.
In 2007, the Canadian government introduced new procedures for accommodation of Sikhs in regard to passport photos, driver licensing, and other legal licensing. This bill was also supported by the Sikh Council of Canada.
In April 2009, Capt. Kamaljit Singh Kalsi and 2nd Lt. Tejdeep Singh Rattan challenged a U.S. Army order that they remove their turbans and shave their beards. In March 2010, Rattan became the first Sikh to graduate Army Officer School at Fort Sam Houston since the exemption was eliminated in 1984; a waiver was granted for his religion. Kalsi will also attend basic training.
INSTANCES OF ACCEPTANCE
In 2012 British media reported that a Guardsman of the Scots Guards Jatinderpal Singh Bhullar became the first Sikh to guard Buckingham Palace wearing a Dastaar instead of the traditional bearskin.
Helmet exemption
In several parts of the world, Sikh riders are exempted from legal requirements to wear a helmet when riding a motorcycle, which cannot be done without removing the Dastaar. These places include India and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Manitoba. Other places include Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the United Kingdom and Australia.
In 2008, Baljinder Badesha, a Sikh man living in Brampton, Ontario, Canada, lost a court case in which he challenged a $110 ticket received for wearing a Dastaar instead of a helmet while riding his motorcycle.
A Dastaar (Punjabi: ਦਸਤਾਰ, dastāar, from Persian: دستار) or Pagṛi (Punjabi: ਪਗੜੀ) or Pagg (Punjabi: ਪੱਗ), is an item of headgear associated with Sikhism and is an important part of the Sikh culture. Wearing a Sikh turban is mandatory for all Amritdhari (baptized) Sikh men and women (also known as Khalsa).
Among the Sikhs, the Dastaar is an article of faith that represents honour, self-respect, courage, spirituality, and piety. The Khalsa Sikh men and women, who keep the Five Ks, wear the turban partly to cover their long, uncut hair (kesh). The Khalsa Sikhs regard the Dastaar as an important part of the unique Sikh identity.
HISTORY
The Dastaar has been an important part of the Sikh religion since the time of the First Guru. Guru Angad Dev honoured Guru Amar Das with a special Dastaar when he was declared the next Guru. At the time when Guru Ram Das passed on, Guru Arjan Dev was honoured with the Dastaar of Guruship.
Marne di pag Pirthiye badhi. Guriyaee pag Arjan Ladhi
Guru Gobind Singh, the last human Sikh Guru, wrote:
Kangha dono vaqt kar, paag chune kar bandhai. ("Comb your hair twice a day and tie your turban carefully, turn by turn.")
Bhai Rattan Singh Bhangu, one of the earliest Sikh historians, wrote in Sri Gur Panth Parkash:
Doi vele utth bandhyo dastare, pahar aatth rakhyo shastar sambhare
Kesan ki kijo pritpal, nah(i) ustran se katyo vaal
Tie your Dastaar twice a day and wear shaster (weapons to protect dharma), and keep them with care, 24 hours a day.
Take good care of your hair. Do not cut or damage your hair.
SIGNIFICANCE
In the Khalsa society, the turban signifies many virtues:
SPIRITUALITY
The Dastaar is a symbol of spirituality and holiness in Sikhism.
HONOUR & SELF-RESPECT
The Dastaar is also a symbol of honour and self-respect. In the Punjabi culture, those who have selflessly served the community are traditionally honoured with turbans.
RESPONSIBILITY
Rasam Pagri ("Turban ceremony") is a ceremony in North India. Rasam Pagri takes place, when a man passes away and his oldest son takes over the family responsibilities by tying the turban in front of a large gathering. It signifies that now he has shouldered the responsibility of his father and he is the head of the family.
PIETY & MORAL VALUES
The Dastaar also signifies piety and purity of mind. In the Punjabi society, the Khalsa Sikhs are considered as protectors of the weak, even among the non-Sikhs. In the older times, the Khalsa warriors moved from village to village at night, during the battles. When they needed a place to hide from the enemy, the womenfolk, who had a very high degree of trust in them used to let them inside their houses. It was a common saying in Punjab: Aye nihang, booha khol de nishang ("The nihangs are at the door. Dear woman! go ahead open the door without any fear whatsoever.")
COURAGE
Sikhs wear a Dastaar, partly to cover their long hair, which is never cut, as per the wish of their last human Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. There are many references in the Sikh history that describe how Guru Gobind Singh personally tied beautiful dumalas (Dastaar) on the heads of both his elder sons Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh, and how he personally gave them arms, decorated them like bridegrooms, and sent them to the battlefield at Chamkaur Sahib where they both died as martyrs. A saffron-colored turban is especially identified with courage, sacrifice and martyrdom.
FRIENDSHIP & RELATIONSHIP
Pag Vatauni ("exchange of turban") is a Punjabi custom, in which the men exchange Dastaars with their closest friends. Once they exchange turbans they become friends for life and forge a permanent relationship. They take a solemn pledge to share their joys and sorrows under all circumstances. Exchanging turban is a glue that can bind two individuals or families together for generations.
SAYINGS
There are many Punjabi idioms and proverbs that describe how important is a Dastaar in one's life. Bhai Gurdas writes:
Tthande khuhu naike pag visar(i) aya sir(i) nangai
Ghar vich ranna(n) kamlia(n) dhussi liti dekh(i) kudhange
("A man, after taking a bath at the well during winter time, forgot his Dastaar at the well and came home bareheaded.
When the women saw him at home without a Dastaar, they thought someone had died and they started to cry.")
SIGN OF SIKHISM
The Dastaar is considered an important part of the unique Sikh identity. The bare head is not considered appropriate as per gurbani. If a Sikh wants to become one with his/her Guru, he/she must look like a guru (wear a Dastaar). Guru Gobind Singh stated:
Khalsa mero roop hai khaas. Khalse me hau karo niwas.
("Khalsa is a true picture of mine. I live in Khalsa.")
Maintaining long hair and tying Dastaar is seen as a token of love and obedience of the wishes of Sikh gurus. A quote from Sikhnet:
“The Dastaar is our Guru's gift to us. It is how we crown ourselves as the Singhs and Kaurs who sit on the throne of commitment to our own higher consciousness. For men and women alike, this projective identity conveys royalty, grace, and uniqueness. It is a signal to others that we live in the image of Infinity and are dedicated to serving all. The turban doesn't represent anything except complete commitment. When you choose to stand out by tying your Dastaar, you stand fearlessly as one single person standing out from six billion people. It is a most outstanding act.”
STYLES OF DASTAARS
MEN`S DOUBLE PATTI (NOK)
This is a very common Sikh turban style. It is very common in Punjab, India. The Nok is a double wide Dastaar. 6 meters of the Dastaar cloth are cut in half, then into two 3 meter pieces. They are then sewn together to make it Double wide, thus creating a "Double Patti," or a Nok Dastarr. This Dastaar is larger than most Sikh dastars, but contains fewer wraps around the head.
CHAND TORA DHAMALA
This style of turban is generally worn by Nihang Sikh men . This is a warrior style Dastaar meant for going into battle. The "Chand Tora" is a metal symbol consisting of a crescent and a double edged sword, it is held in place at the front of the Dastaar by woven chainmail cord tied in a pattern within the Dastaar to protect the head from slashing weapons.
AMRITSAR DHAMALA
This is the most common Dhamala Dastaar. It consists of:
one 5 meter piece (Pavo Blue)
one 11 meter piece any color, commonly sabz (white) and pavo blue. Both pieces are 35 cm wide, and referred to in Amritsar as Dhamala Material.
BASIC DHAMALA
This is a very simple and basic Dhamala Sikh Dastaar. This is the most popular turban among young Sikhs of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha and also quite popular among those of Damdami Taksal in countries like America, the United Kingdom and Canada.
GENERAL SIKH DASTAAR
Another common Sikh Dastaar style for men. Unlike the "double patti" Dastaar, the Dastaar is longer and goes 7 times around the head. If you use the "Notai" technique and have a big joora (hair knot), do not make it right in front at your forehead. You will end up tying the Dastaar on the joora, and it will make your Dastaar look very high and big. According to modern Punjabi style the last (larh) of Dastaar is given a "V" shape by using the Dastaar pin. Sikhs also use a specially designed Dastaar Needle (Punjabi:Salai,ਸਲਾਈ OR Baaj,ਬਾਜ) to tuck their hair inside from Dastaar and Patka and also to maintain Dastaar cleanliness.
PATKA/KESKI DASTAAR
This is a common sikh Dastaar among young boys. It is normally used as more of a casual Pugree, or sometimes for sports. Commonly, this is a peela (shade of yellow) coloured turban. Contrary to popular belief Patkas are actually types of Dastaars.
These are the basic Sikh Pugaree types. Turban theory states that the main pugaree types are starting points, and anyone can invent their own Dastaar styles.
In May 2009, The Times of India reported that British researchers were trying to make a "bulletproof turban" that would allow the Sikhs in the British police to serve in firearms units.
HARASSMENT FACED BY TURBAN-WEARING SIKHS
After the September 11, 2001 attacks in USA, many Dastaar-wearing Sikhs faced assaults by some Americans who confused them with the Arabs (who were being associated with terrorism). The United States Department of Justice worked with the Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund (SALDEF) to issue a poster aimed at getting the Americans acquainted with the Sikh turbans.
CONFLICTS WITH CIVIL LAW
In modern times, there have been conflicts between Sikhs – especially those outside India – and laws which conflict with always wearing a Dastaar.
Sikh soldiers refused to wear helmets during World War I and World War II. Many Sikhs have refused to remove the Dastaar even in jails. Sikh scholar and social activist Bhai Randhir Singh underwent a fast to be able to wear a Dastaar in prison.
In the UK in 1982, the headmaster of a private school refused to admit an orthodox Sikh as a pupil unless he removed the Dastaar and cut his hair. This led to the long legal battle, Mandla v. Dowell Lee.
In Canada in 1990, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Baltej Singh Dhillon, an RCMP officer, should be allowed to wear a Dastaar while on duty. See the case of Grant v. Canada A.G (1995) 125 D.L.R. (4th) 556 (F.C.A.) aff'd (1994) 81 F.T.R. 195 (F.C.T.D.) (Reed J.) where the court said that the Sikh RCMP officer had a constitutional right to wear his Dastaar and that the government’s decision to accommodate him was required to protect freedom of religion:
"The defendants and the intervenors, particularly the able argument of Ms. Chotalia for the Alberta Civil Liberties Association, turn the plaintiffs' argument respecting discrimination on its head. They argue that the Commissioner's decision was designed to prevent discrimination occurring to Khalsa Sikhs. As such they argue that that decision offends none of the provisions of the Charter, indeed that it is required by section 15 of the Charter." para 103 Shirish Chotalia, Alberta lawyer, represented the Sikh Society of Calgary, the Alberta Civil Liberties Association, and the Friends of the Sikhs, pro bono.
In the United States in 2002, Jasjit Singh Jaggi, a Sikh traffic policeman employed with the New York Police Department, was forced to leave his job because he insisted on wearing a Dastaar on duty. He petitioned with the New York Human Rights Commission, and in 2004 a US judge ruled that he should be reinstated.
In France in 2004, the Sikh community protested against the introduction of a law prohibiting the display of any religious symbols in state-run schools. The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee urged the French Government to review the bill, stating that the ban would have grave consequences for the Sikhs. The Government of India discussed the matter with the French officials, who stated that an exception for turbaned Sikh boys in French public schools was not possible.
In 2007, the Canadian government introduced new procedures for accommodation of Sikhs in regard to passport photos, driver licensing, and other legal licensing. This bill was also supported by the Sikh Council of Canada.
In April 2009, Capt. Kamaljit Singh Kalsi and 2nd Lt. Tejdeep Singh Rattan challenged a U.S. Army order that they remove their turbans and shave their beards. In March 2010, Rattan became the first Sikh to graduate Army Officer School at Fort Sam Houston since the exemption was eliminated in 1984; a waiver was granted for his religion. Kalsi will also attend basic training.
INSTANCES OF ACCEPTANCE
In 2012 British media reported that a Guardsman of the Scots Guards Jatinderpal Singh Bhullar became the first Sikh to guard Buckingham Palace wearing a Dastaar instead of the traditional bearskin.
Helmet exemption
In several parts of the world, Sikh riders are exempted from legal requirements to wear a helmet when riding a motorcycle, which cannot be done without removing the Dastaar. These places include India and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Manitoba. Other places include Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the United Kingdom and Australia.
In 2008, Baljinder Badesha, a Sikh man living in Brampton, Ontario, Canada, lost a court case in which he challenged a $110 ticket received for wearing a Dastaar instead of a helmet while riding his motorcycle.
A Dastaar (Punjabi: ਦਸਤਾਰ, dastāar, from Persian: دستار) or Pagṛi (Punjabi: ਪਗੜੀ) or Pagg (Punjabi: ਪੱਗ), is an item of headgear associated with Sikhism and is an important part of the Sikh culture. Wearing a Sikh turban is mandatory for all Amritdhari (baptized) Sikh men and women (also known as Khalsa).
Among the Sikhs, the Dastaar is an article of faith that represents honour, self-respect, courage, spirituality, and piety. The Khalsa Sikh men and women, who keep the Five Ks, wear the turban partly to cover their long, uncut hair (kesh). The Khalsa Sikhs regard the Dastaar as an important part of the unique Sikh identity.
HISTORY
The Dastaar has been an important part of the Sikh religion since the time of the First Guru. Guru Angad Dev honoured Guru Amar Das with a special Dastaar when he was declared the next Guru. At the time when Guru Ram Das passed on, Guru Arjan Dev was honoured with the Dastaar of Guruship.
Marne di pag Pirthiye badhi. Guriyaee pag Arjan Ladhi
Guru Gobind Singh, the last human Sikh Guru, wrote:
Kangha dono vaqt kar, paag chune kar bandhai. ("Comb your hair twice a day and tie your turban carefully, turn by turn.")
Bhai Rattan Singh Bhangu, one of the earliest Sikh historians, wrote in Sri Gur Panth Parkash:
Doi vele utth bandhyo dastare, pahar aatth rakhyo shastar sambhare
Kesan ki kijo pritpal, nah(i) ustran se katyo vaal
Tie your Dastaar twice a day and wear shaster (weapons to protect dharma), and keep them with care, 24 hours a day.
Take good care of your hair. Do not cut or damage your hair.
SIGNIFICANCE
In the Khalsa society, the turban signifies many virtues:
SPIRITUALITY
The Dastaar is a symbol of spirituality and holiness in Sikhism.
HONOUR & SELF-RESPECT
The Dastaar is also a symbol of honour and self-respect. In the Punjabi culture, those who have selflessly served the community are traditionally honoured with turbans.
RESPONSIBILITY
Rasam Pagri ("Turban ceremony") is a ceremony in North India. Rasam Pagri takes place, when a man passes away and his oldest son takes over the family responsibilities by tying the turban in front of a large gathering. It signifies that now he has shouldered the responsibility of his father and he is the head of the family.
PIETY & MORAL VALUES
The Dastaar also signifies piety and purity of mind. In the Punjabi society, the Khalsa Sikhs are considered as protectors of the weak, even among the non-Sikhs. In the older times, the Khalsa warriors moved from village to village at night, during the battles. When they needed a place to hide from the enemy, the womenfolk, who had a very high degree of trust in them used to let them inside their houses. It was a common saying in Punjab: Aye nihang, booha khol de nishang ("The nihangs are at the door. Dear woman! go ahead open the door without any fear whatsoever.")
COURAGE
Sikhs wear a Dastaar, partly to cover their long hair, which is never cut, as per the wish of their last human Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. There are many references in the Sikh history that describe how Guru Gobind Singh personally tied beautiful dumalas (Dastaar) on the heads of both his elder sons Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh, and how he personally gave them arms, decorated them like bridegrooms, and sent them to the battlefield at Chamkaur Sahib where they both died as martyrs. A saffron-colored turban is especially identified with courage, sacrifice and martyrdom.
FRIENDSHIP & RELATIONSHIP
Pag Vatauni ("exchange of turban") is a Punjabi custom, in which the men exchange Dastaars with their closest friends. Once they exchange turbans they become friends for life and forge a permanent relationship. They take a solemn pledge to share their joys and sorrows under all circumstances. Exchanging turban is a glue that can bind two individuals or families together for generations.
SAYINGS
There are many Punjabi idioms and proverbs that describe how important is a Dastaar in one's life. Bhai Gurdas writes:
Tthande khuhu naike pag visar(i) aya sir(i) nangai
Ghar vich ranna(n) kamlia(n) dhussi liti dekh(i) kudhange
("A man, after taking a bath at the well during winter time, forgot his Dastaar at the well and came home bareheaded.
When the women saw him at home without a Dastaar, they thought someone had died and they started to cry.")
SIGN OF SIKHISM
The Dastaar is considered an important part of the unique Sikh identity. The bare head is not considered appropriate as per gurbani. If a Sikh wants to become one with his/her Guru, he/she must look like a guru (wear a Dastaar). Guru Gobind Singh stated:
Khalsa mero roop hai khaas. Khalse me hau karo niwas.
("Khalsa is a true picture of mine. I live in Khalsa.")
Maintaining long hair and tying Dastaar is seen as a token of love and obedience of the wishes of Sikh gurus. A quote from Sikhnet:
“The Dastaar is our Guru's gift to us. It is how we crown ourselves as the Singhs and Kaurs who sit on the throne of commitment to our own higher consciousness. For men and women alike, this projective identity conveys royalty, grace, and uniqueness. It is a signal to others that we live in the image of Infinity and are dedicated to serving all. The turban doesn't represent anything except complete commitment. When you choose to stand out by tying your Dastaar, you stand fearlessly as one single person standing out from six billion people. It is a most outstanding act.”
STYLES OF DASTAARS
MEN`S DOUBLE PATTI (NOK)
This is a very common Sikh turban style. It is very common in Punjab, India. The Nok is a double wide Dastaar. 6 meters of the Dastaar cloth are cut in half, then into two 3 meter pieces. They are then sewn together to make it Double wide, thus creating a "Double Patti," or a Nok Dastarr. This Dastaar is larger than most Sikh dastars, but contains fewer wraps around the head.
CHAND TORA DHAMALA
This style of turban is generally worn by Nihang Sikh men . This is a warrior style Dastaar meant for going into battle. The "Chand Tora" is a metal symbol consisting of a crescent and a double edged sword, it is held in place at the front of the Dastaar by woven chainmail cord tied in a pattern within the Dastaar to protect the head from slashing weapons.
AMRITSAR DHAMALA
This is the most common Dhamala Dastaar. It consists of:
one 5 meter piece (Pavo Blue)
one 11 meter piece any color, commonly sabz (white) and pavo blue. Both pieces are 35 cm wide, and referred to in Amritsar as Dhamala Material.
BASIC DHAMALA
This is a very simple and basic Dhamala Sikh Dastaar. This is the most popular turban among young Sikhs of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha and also quite popular among those of Damdami Taksal in countries like America, the United Kingdom and Canada.
GENERAL SIKH DASTAAR
Another common Sikh Dastaar style for men. Unlike the "double patti" Dastaar, the Dastaar is longer and goes 7 times around the head. If you use the "Notai" technique and have a big joora (hair knot), do not make it right in front at your forehead. You will end up tying the Dastaar on the joora, and it will make your Dastaar look very high and big. According to modern Punjabi style the last (larh) of Dastaar is given a "V" shape by using the Dastaar pin. Sikhs also use a specially designed Dastaar Needle (Punjabi:Salai,ਸਲਾਈ OR Baaj,ਬਾਜ) to tuck their hair inside from Dastaar and Patka and also to maintain Dastaar cleanliness.
PATKA/KESKI DASTAAR
This is a common sikh Dastaar among young boys. It is normally used as more of a casual Pugree, or sometimes for sports. Commonly, this is a peela (shade of yellow) coloured turban. Contrary to popular belief Patkas are actually types of Dastaars.
These are the basic Sikh Pugaree types. Turban theory states that the main pugaree types are starting points, and anyone can invent their own Dastaar styles.
In May 2009, The Times of India reported that British researchers were trying to make a "bulletproof turban" that would allow the Sikhs in the British police to serve in firearms units.
HARASSMENT FACED BY TURBAN-WEARING SIKHS
After the September 11, 2001 attacks in USA, many Dastaar-wearing Sikhs faced assaults by some Americans who confused them with the Arabs (who were being associated with terrorism). The United States Department of Justice worked with the Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund (SALDEF) to issue a poster aimed at getting the Americans acquainted with the Sikh turbans.
CONFLICTS WITH CIVIL LAW
In modern times, there have been conflicts between Sikhs – especially those outside India – and laws which conflict with always wearing a Dastaar.
Sikh soldiers refused to wear helmets during World War I and World War II. Many Sikhs have refused to remove the Dastaar even in jails. Sikh scholar and social activist Bhai Randhir Singh underwent a fast to be able to wear a Dastaar in prison.
In the UK in 1982, the headmaster of a private school refused to admit an orthodox Sikh as a pupil unless he removed the Dastaar and cut his hair. This led to the long legal battle, Mandla v. Dowell Lee.
In Canada in 1990, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Baltej Singh Dhillon, an RCMP officer, should be allowed to wear a Dastaar while on duty. See the case of Grant v. Canada A.G (1995) 125 D.L.R. (4th) 556 (F.C.A.) aff'd (1994) 81 F.T.R. 195 (F.C.T.D.) (Reed J.) where the court said that the Sikh RCMP officer had a constitutional right to wear his Dastaar and that the government’s decision to accommodate him was required to protect freedom of religion:
"The defendants and the intervenors, particularly the able argument of Ms. Chotalia for the Alberta Civil Liberties Association, turn the plaintiffs' argument respecting discrimination on its head. They argue that the Commissioner's decision was designed to prevent discrimination occurring to Khalsa Sikhs. As such they argue that that decision offends none of the provisions of the Charter, indeed that it is required by section 15 of the Charter." para 103 Shirish Chotalia, Alberta lawyer, represented the Sikh Society of Calgary, the Alberta Civil Liberties Association, and the Friends of the Sikhs, pro bono.
In the United States in 2002, Jasjit Singh Jaggi, a Sikh traffic policeman employed with the New York Police Department, was forced to leave his job because he insisted on wearing a Dastaar on duty. He petitioned with the New York Human Rights Commission, and in 2004 a US judge ruled that he should be reinstated.
In France in 2004, the Sikh community protested against the introduction of a law prohibiting the display of any religious symbols in state-run schools. The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee urged the French Government to review the bill, stating that the ban would have grave consequences for the Sikhs. The Government of India discussed the matter with the French officials, who stated that an exception for turbaned Sikh boys in French public schools was not possible.
In 2007, the Canadian government introduced new procedures for accommodation of Sikhs in regard to passport photos, driver licensing, and other legal licensing. This bill was also supported by the Sikh Council of Canada.
In April 2009, Capt. Kamaljit Singh Kalsi and 2nd Lt. Tejdeep Singh Rattan challenged a U.S. Army order that they remove their turbans and shave their beards. In March 2010, Rattan became the first Sikh to graduate Army Officer School at Fort Sam Houston since the exemption was eliminated in 1984; a waiver was granted for his religion. Kalsi will also attend basic training.
INSTANCES OF ACCEPTANCE
In 2012 British media reported that a Guardsman of the Scots Guards Jatinderpal Singh Bhullar became the first Sikh to guard Buckingham Palace wearing a Dastaar instead of the traditional bearskin.
Helmet exemption
In several parts of the world, Sikh riders are exempted from legal requirements to wear a helmet when riding a motorcycle, which cannot be done without removing the Dastaar. These places include India and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Manitoba. Other places include Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the United Kingdom and Australia.
In 2008, Baljinder Badesha, a Sikh man living in Brampton, Ontario, Canada, lost a court case in which he challenged a $110 ticket received for wearing a Dastaar instead of a helmet while riding his motorcycle.
ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2023. Magistrato Paolo Giorgio Ferri, “…Gli Americani…Ladri di Dèi”, in: Rai TV (2010) & NYT (2004 & 2020); S.v., "$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S."; in: NYT (23/01/2023) [Nel testo completo Italiano / English]; anche: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023) & Senatrice Margherita Corrado - Senato della Repubblica (11/08/2022). wp.me/pbMWvy-3Hr
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: NYT (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904288
1). ROME / ITALY - $20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S. - The authorities of the two countries have worked together to round up statues, vases and bronzes, some of which had appeared in American museums. The New York Times (24/01/2023) [In complete text / Nel testo completo].
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Foto: Magistrato Paolo Giorgio Ferri; in: Aggiornare: ‘Petrolio – Ladri di bellezza 2018/2022’; Gli studiosi italiani: “Musei negli USA – Restituisci quello che hai rubato!”; in: RAI 1 HD / VIDEO (2018)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154224
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ROME — Taken together, the five dozen ancient artifacts displayed at Italy’s culture ministry on Monday would have made a fine archaeological centerpiece for any museum.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686229
The items, dating from the seventh century B.C. to the first century A.D., included well-preserved marble statues, red-figure vases, a silver drinking bowl, even rare bronzes. The artifacts, worth more than $20 million, according to the Italian Culture Ministry, were back on Italian soil after having been seized in the United States by American officials over the past 14 months.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “Priceless’ Italian artifacts return home from U.S.”; in: Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646426951
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ROME / ITALY - "Priceless' Italian artifacts return home from U.S."; in: Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
Italy is celebrating the return of 60 looted archaeological artifacts worth more than $20 million, many of which had been on display at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art before their illicit origin was discovered.
Fonte / source: Video & Foto; in:
--- Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/Reuters/status/1617626978009374722
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Twenty-one of the works had been on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, as well as in private homes and auction houses, before being recovered by American officials, who acted on evidence that they had been illegally looted from archaeological sites in Italy.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686149
Gennaro Sangiuliano, Italy’s culture minister, said Monday during a celebratory news conference that the recovered artifacts were the “fruit of a collaboration,” between Italian and American law enforcement officials, that would not end with these 60 works.
Italy has fought for decades to quash the trade in illicitly excavated artifacts, and strenuous negotiations forged deals for the return of dozens of works with several American museums, notably the Met, and the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. Its efforts have picked up steam in recent years thanks to developments in technology, including easily consulted online databases and improved collaboration with American officials, and in particular the Manhattan’s district attorney’s office.
Culture ministry officials presented two works on Monday: a marble head of Athena, dated circa 200 B.C. and valued at $3 million, and a white-ground terra-cotta kylix, or drinking cup, attributed to the Villa Giulia Painter, dating to the fifth century B.C. and valued at $1.5 million. According to a search warrant, the artifacts were seized last July from the Metropolitan Museum along with 19 other works, many on show Monday.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904393
At the time of the seizure, the museum said in a statement that it had fully cooperated with the district attorney’s investigation and that its acquisition reviews have become more rigorous over the years.
“The norms of collecting have changed significantly in recent decades,” the museum said, “and The Met’s policies and procedures in this regard have been under constant review over the past 20 years.”
Among the items returned was a fresco depicting the infant Hercules strangling a snake, which dates to the first century. It is believed to have been looted from Herculaneum, a settlement buried in the Vesuvian eruption of 79 A.D., and decades ago was tracked by investigators to the apartment of Michael H. Steinhardt, a prominent New York venture capitalist and a major ancient art collector. In 2021, after investigators seized 180 stolen antiquities valued at $70 million from Mr. Steinhardt, he agreed to a lifetime ban on acquiring antiquities.
“The old laws only benefit bad guys,” he said. “The bad guys operate at the speed of bandwidth, and we have to do the same that’s why we operate outside the civil negotiating legal bureaucratic process.”
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904428
Mr. Bogdanos said that under his watch, officials had executed 75 raids involving Italian antiquities and recovered some 500 artifacts valued at more than $55 million.
Also included in the returned pieces was a piece called “Bronze Bust of Man,” dating to the first century B.C., that Mr. Bogdanos said was seized from the collection of Shelby White, a philanthropist, Met trustee and board member. The Art Newspaper reported the seizure in December.
Now that they have been returned to Italy, several of the artifacts will join other repatriated works in an exhibit at a new museum dedicated to recovered art that opened in Rome last summer.
Then they will be relocated to museums near the ancient sites they are believed to have been looted from, “because their identity is linked to that of their community,” said Gen. Vincenzo Molinese, the head of the Italy’s carabinieri art theft squad.
Fonte / source:
--- The New York Times (24/01/2023).
www.nytimes.com/2023/01/23/world/europe/italy-art-stolen-...
Fonte / source:
--- Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twitter (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/AmbasciataUSA/status/1617577396911362048
--- Gennaro Sangiuliano / Twitter (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/g_sangiuliano/status/1617808085283926018
Foto: ROMA / ITALIA – Restituiti all’Italia 60 opere d’arte e reperti archeologici trafugati: valgono 20 milioni / foto: 1 di 32; in: Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686289
2). ROMA / ITALIA - Restituiti all'Italia 60 opere d'arte e reperti archeologici trafugati: valgono 20 milioni / foto: 1 di 32; in: Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
Hanno una datazione compresa tra il settimo e il primo secolo dopo Cristo, erano stati rubati da trafficanti internazionali e sono stati recuperati negli Stati Uniti grazie a un'operazione congiunta tra i Carabinieri per la Tutela del patrimonio culturale e il New York County District attorney's office. Tra le opere rimpatriate, l'affresco pompeiano 'Ercole fanciullo con serpente' del I secocolo d.C.
Fonte / source:
--- Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2023/01/23/opere-arte-reperti-archeol...
Foto: Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / FB (11/08/2022); s.v., Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154054
3). RARA 2022. ITALIA / USA – Aggiornare: ‘Petrolio – Ladri di bellezza 2018/2022’; Gli studiosi italiani: “Musei negli USA – Restituisci quello che hai rubato!”; in: RAI 1 HD / VIDEO (2018) & Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / Fb (08/2022) = “Il Getty Museum di Los Angeles restituirà all’Italia un antico gruppo scultoreo”; in: ARTRIBUNE & LOS ANGELES TIMES, USA (11/08/2022) [Italiano & English]. wp.me/pbMWvy-337
Live updates: Hezbollah continues to launch UAVs and rockets into Israel
IDF strikes over 230 terror targets in Gaza and Lebanon, Hezbollah continues rocket fire on Haifa area and northern border.
Israel National News
2 minutes
Published: Sep 24, 2024 at 3:47 AM (GMT+3)
Updated: Oct 11, 2024 at 10:07 PM
On Friday, September 13, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu ordered that the safe return of northern Israel's residents to their homes be added to the war's objectives. In the week that followed, dozens of Hezbollah terrorists were killed and thousands were maimed when their communication devices exploded. Israel did not claim responsibility for the explosions, but foreign media reported that the Mossad was behind them.
The following weekend, Hezbollah responded to the elimination of Radwan Force commander Ibrahim Aqil by expanding the range of fire and increasing rocket and UAV launches, targeting the lower Galilee, Haifa Bay, and Jezreel Valley areas. At the same time, the IDF increased its strikes on Hezbollah targets, striking buildings used to store long-range missiles. On Monday, IDF Chief of Staff Major General Herzi Halevi announced that the name of the operation in the northern arena is "Northern Arrows."
On Friday, September 27, Hezbollah Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah was eliminated in a large airstrike on a Hezbollah facility in Beirut.
Live Updates:
Friday, October 11:
10:07 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Misgav Am, northern Israel.
10:00 p.m.: Residents of central Israel report hearing explosions, IDF investigating.
9:54 p.m.: Sirens in Herzliya, central Israel, due to suspected hostile aircraft infiltration.
9:25 p.m.: Following the sirens that sounded at 8:50 p.m. in the Upper Galilee area, it was determined to be a false identification, the IDF Spokesperson's Unit said.
Following the sirens that sounded at 9:00 p.m. in the Upper Galilee area, several projectiles were fired from Lebanon and did not cross into Israeli territory. No injuries were reported.
9:21 p.m.: Sirens in Margaliot, northern Israel.
9:01 p.m.: Sirens in Kfar Giladi and Misgav Am, northern Israel.
8:50 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the Upper Galilee area.
7:56 p.m.: Sirens in Misgav Am, northern Israel.
6:13 p.m.: Sirens in Kiryat Shmona and Margaliot.
6:07 p.m.: Sirens in Shlomi and Rosh Hanikra in northern Israel.
6:00 p.m.: With the start of Yom Kippur and Shabbat in Israel, Arutz Sheva-Israel National News' North American desk will continue to update the site.
5:46 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the Upper Galilee area, northern Israel.
5:22 p.m.: Sirens sounded in northern Israel.
5:11 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Iksal and Tel Adashim, northern Israel.
4:32 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the Central Galilee and Upper Galilee areas, northern Israel.
4:01 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Metula and the area.
3:27 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the Galilee panhandle.
3:02 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the upper and western Galilee.
2:22 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the upper Galilee.
1:59 p.m.: Sky News Arabia reported citing sources that senior Hezbollah official Wafiq Safa was severely wounded in an attempted elimination yesterday and his condition is considered critical.
Safa, Nasrallah's confidant and brother-in-law, was reportedly the target of a rare Israeli strike in western Beirut.
1:56 p.m.: Hezbollah still has a substantial stockpile of weapons, including its most powerful precision missiles which it has yet to use, Reuters reported citing four sources familiar with the terror group's operations.
12:50 p.m.: The IDF announced that an initial inquiry indicates that the civilians who were injured in the area of Yaroun earlier this morning were injured as a result of an explosion of a fallen munition in the area and not by an anti-tank missile fired from Lebanon as earlier reported.
10:48: a.m.: Sirens sounded in the Upper Galilee area, northern Israel.
10:35 a.m.: The IAF struck and eliminated the terrorist Araeb el Shoga, a commander in the Hezbollah Radwan Forces’ Anti-tank Missile Unit in the Area of Meiss El Jabal in southern Lebanon. El Araeb was responsible for numerous anti-tank missile attacks on the area of Ramot Naftali in northern Israel.
9:52 a.m.: A foreign worker was killed in an anti-tank missile attack in Kibbutz Yir'on.
9:44 a.m.: Sirens sounded in Zarit, northern Israel.
8:31 a.m.: Sirens sounded in the city of Akko and surrounding communities, northern Israel.
8:20 a.m.: Sirens sounded in Kiryat Shmona and Margaliot, northern Israel.
6:49 a.m.: Following the sirens that were heard in the Ashkelon area, Magen David Adom stated that so far no calls have been received about injuries except for cases of anxiety and of people who were injured on the way to shelter.
6:46 a.m.: Home Front Command: The incident in the Ashkelon area has concluded.
6:45 a.m.: IDF: Sirens sounded due to a hostile aircraft infiltration in the area of Lakhish, details are under review.
6:38 a.m.: Sirens warning of hostile aircraft infiltration sounded in Ashkelon.
6:37 a.m.: Sirens warning of hostile aircraft infiltration sounded in Be'er Ganim.
5:07 a.m.: The pro-Iranian militias in Iraq claimed early Friday morning that they attacked a vital target in Eilat with UAVs.
Thursday, October 10:
11:54 p.m.: Following the sirens that sounded at 11:34 p.m. in the areas of Metula and Kfar Giladi, it was determined to be a false identification, said the IDF Spokesperson's Unit.
11:42 p.m.: As of 11:00 p.m., approximately 190 projectiles that were fired by the Hezbollah terrorist organization crossed from Lebanon into Israel on Thursday.
"The IDF will continue to defend the State of Israel and its people against the threat posed by the Hezbollah terrorist organization," said the IDF Spokesperson's Unit.
11:34 p.m.: Sirens in Metula and the area.
11:10 p.m.: The Home Front Command said that the incident of a hostile aircraft infiltration in northern Israel has concluded.
10:59 p.m.: Aerial infiltration in Merom Golan.
9:42 p.m.: The IDF Arabic Language Spokesman Avichay Adraee issued a warning calling on the residents of the Dahieh suburb to evacuate.
"Urgent warning to the residents of the southern suburb of Haret Hreik, specifically in the buildings specified in the two maps and those adjacent to them: You are located near Hezbollah facilities and interests, and the IDF will act against them in the near future. For your safety and the safety of your family members, you must evacuate this building and the buildings adjacent to it immediately and stay away from it for a distance of no less than 500 meters," Adraee wrote.
9:04 p.m.: A short time ago, the IAF intercepted two UAVs that were traveling from the east.
The UAVs did not cross into Israeli airspace and sirens were not sounded.
8:51 p.m.: The IDF released a statement in which it addressed reports that it opened fire at a UNIFIL post in southern Lebanon.
"The Hezbollah terrorist organization operates from within and near civilian areas in southern Lebanon, including areas near UNIFIL posts.
"The IDF is operating in southern Lebanon and maintains routine communication with UNIFIL.
"This morning (Thursday), IDF troops operated in the area of Naqoura, next to a UNIFIL base. Accordingly, the IDF instructed the UN forces in the area to remain in protected spaces, following which the forces opened fire in the area."
8:35 p.m.: Al Araby Al Jadeed reported that a building collapsed in Beirut following an Israeli airstrike. Al Arabiya reported that the strike targeted facilities belonging to Hezbollah's Islamic Health Authority. According to reports the target of the strike was Wafiq Safa, Hezbollah's "Defense Minister" and Hassan Nasrallah's brother-in-law.
8:22 p.m.: IDF Chief of Staff LTG Herzi Halevi and the Head of the ISA, Ronen Bar, conducted a joint situational assessment with the forces fighting in southern Lebanon, along with the Commanding Officer of the Northern Command and the Commanding Officer of the 91st Division.
הרמטכ"ל וראש השב"כ בדרום לבנוןenlarge
הרמטכ"ל וראש השב"כ בדרום לבנון
צילום: דובר צה"ל
8:05 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the western Galilee.
5:33 p.m.: A short while ago, the IAF intercepted a UAV that crossed from Lebanon into the area of the upper Galilee. Sirens regarding missiles and rockets were activated due to the possibility of falling shrapnel from the interception. No injuries were reported.
4:43 p.m.: Following the sirens that sounded a short while ago in the upper Galilee area regarding a hostile aircraft infiltration, the IAF intercepted a UAV that crossed from Lebanon into Israeli territory. No injuries were reported.
4:25 p.m.: Aerial infiltration in Kiryat Shmona.
4:01 p.m.: Following the sirens that sounded in the areas of the upper and western Galilee, approximately 50 projectiles crossed from Lebanon into Israeli territory. Several projectile falls were identified.
The IDF says that as of 4:00 p.m., approximately 105 projectiles that were fired by the Hezbollah terrorist organization have crossed from Lebanon into Israel today (Thursday, October 10th).
3:55 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the upper Galilee.
3:45 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Akko, Nahariya, and surrounding areas.
3:03 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Kiryat Shmona and Manara, northern Israel.
2:50 p.m.: A rocket from Lebanon exploded in the yard of a house in Nahf in central Galilee.
2:22 p.m.: Sirens sound in Karmiel and the surrounding areas in northern Israel
2:21 p.m.: Over the past hour, seven people injured in rocket strikes were evacuated to Ziv Medical Center in Tzfat.
Five of them suffered light injuries, and two others suffered moderate injuries. All are conscious, stable, and undergoing tests.
2:20p.m.: Sirens sounded in Misgav Am, in northern Israel
1:57 p.m.: Sirens sound in Kiryat Shmona and the surrounding areas, northern Israel
1:49 p.m.: A rocket launched from Lebanon has landed near Jenin in northern Samaria. No sirens were sounded.
The rocket fell in an open area, and there are no reports of injuries or damage.
1:35 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Kiryat Shmona and surrounding areas, northern Israel
1:12 p.m.: Im Tirtzu petition protesting UNRWA nomination for Nobel Peace Prize quickly gains 12,000 signatures. "We call on the prize committee not to stain the Prize with the blood found on the hands of UNRWA employees."
11:23 a.m.: IDF forces continue operations against Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Gaza, striking over 140 targets in a single day, and destroying tunnels in Rafah and weapons in Lebanon.
11:19 p.m.: Sirens sound in northern Israel
11:15 a.m.: Sirens sound in northern Israel
10:18 a.m.: Following the sirens that sounded in the area of the upper Galilee, approximately 40 projectiles were identified crossing from Lebanon into Israeli territory, some of which were intercepted, and several fell in the area.
10:03 a.m.: Sirens sounded in Kiryat Shmona and surrounding areas, northern Israel
8:37 a.m.: IDF eliminates two Hezbollah terrorists responsible for hundreds of missiles on northern Israel.
8:25 a.m.: US sends message via Saudi Arabia, promising Iran that it will not aid an attack on Iran's nuclear facilities; Iranian lawmakers call for progress on nuclear weapon.
2:42 a.m.: The Lebanese Al-Mayadeen network, which is affiliated with Hezbollah, reported an Israeli strike in the Dahieh suburb of Beirut.
The strike came after Avichay Adraee, head of the Arab media division of the IDF Spokesperson's Unit, called on the residents of several buildings in the Dahieh suburb to evacuate.
12:00 a.m.: Following the siren that sounded at 11:24 p.m. in Majdal Shams, it was determined to be a false identification, the IDF Spokesperson's Unit said.
Wednesday, October 9:
11:45: A short while ago, the IAF successfully intercepted a UAV that approached Israel over the Red Sea. The UAV did not cross into Israeli territory.
11:31 p.m.: The Home Front Command stated that the incident involving a hostile aircraft in northern Israel has concluded.
11:24 p.m.: Siren warning of suspected hostile aircraft sounded in Majdal Shams.
11:08 p.m.: As of 11:00 p.m. on Wednesday, approximately 220 projectiles that were fired by the Hezbollah terrorist organization crossed from Lebanon into Israel. Overall, Hezbollah fired 360 projectiles toward Israeli territory.
"The IDF will continue to defend the State of Israel and its people against the threat posed by the Hezbollah terrorist organization," said the IDF Spokesperson's Unit.
9:30 p.m.: The sirens in the Upper Galilee were determined to be a false alarm
9:18 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the Upper Galilee area, northern Israel.
6:40 p.m.: The IDF announced that earlier today, an Israeli Navy missile ship successfully intercepted a UAV outside of Israeli territory that was approaching from Lebanon.
The IAF swiftly struck and destroyed the launcher from which projectiles were fired toward Shlomi and Safed.
5:40 p.m.: The IDF announced that following the sirens that sounded between 16:41 - 16:49 in the areas of the Upper Galilee, Western Galilee, and southern Golan Heights, approximately 90 projectile launches were identified crossing from Lebanon into Israeli territory. Some of the projectiles were intercepted by the IAF, fallen projectiles were identified.
Additionally, the IAF struck and destroyed the launcher from which the projectiles were launched at the area of Kiryat Shmona at 14:17.
Israeli Fire and Rescue services are currently operating to extinguish fires in the area.
5:28 p.m.: Sirens sounded in northern Israel.
4:42 p.m.: Sirens sounded in northern Israel.
4:05 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Metula and Misgav Am, northern Israel.
3:36 p.m.: Sirens sounded in northern Israel.
3:28 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Margaliot and Misgav Am, northern Israel.
3:15 p.m.: Sirens sounded in northern Israel.
2:50 p.m.: A man and woman were killed in a rocket barrage on Kiryat Shmona.
2:16 p.m.: Sirens sound in Kiryat Shmona, Tel Hai, and Manara, northern Israel
2:04 p.m.: Sirens sound in Kiryat Shmona, Beit Hillel, and Hagoshrim, northern Israel
1:36 p.m.: IDF report: "Following the sirens that sounded in the areas of the Upper Galilee and the Haifa Bay, approximately 40 projectile launches were identified crossing from Lebanon into Israeli territory. Some of the projectiles were intercepted by the IAF, a number have fallen in the area."
1:17 p.m.: Initial reports: Two injured by shrapnel at Kiryat Ata Interchange
1:12 p.m.: Sirens sound in Akko, northern Israel
1:11 p.m.: Sirens sound in the Haifa Bay area
12:57 p.m.: Sirens sound in northern Israel
12:56 p.m.: IDF dismantles Hezbollah weapons storage facility measuring 7 meters deep, hidden inside residential building in southern Lebanon village, eliminates terrorists who killed Captain Ben Zion Falach.
12:43 p.m.: Sirens sound in Avivim, northern Israel
12:42 p.m.: In Gaza and Lebanon, IAF strikes over 230 terror targets in a single day, continuing operations in Lebanon, eliminating terrorists in close-quarters combat and from the air, and neutralizing launchpads.
11:58 a.m.: Jerusalem has asked the US to try to push for new elections in Lebanon, in the hopes that Hezbollah will lose part of its political power.
11:21 a.m.: Sirens sound in northern Israel
9:45 a.m.: The IDF distributed flyers in the Al Mawasi region of Gaza, with a message to Hamas leader, Yahya Sinwar: "Sinwar, there is no tunnel too deep. Ask Nasrallah!"
9:04 a.m.: Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar has ordered that the suicide bombings which characterized the Second Intifada be restarted, WSJ reports.
9:02 a.m.: Sirens sound in Manara and Margaliot, in the Upper Galilee
8:44 a.m.: Following the sirens that sounded in the areas of Menashe, HaMifrats, and Carmel, two projectiles that crossed from Lebanon into Israeli territory were successfully intercepted.
8:29 a.m.: Sirens sound in the Carmel region in northern Israel
8:27 a.m.: Sirens sound in Zikhron Ya'akov, Binyamina, Caesarea, Atlit, and nearby areas in northern Israel.
8:22 a.m.: Sirens sound in Avivim, northern Israel
8:10 a.m.: Recent barrage from Lebanon included around 20 launches, no one injured
7:51 a.m.: At least ten rockets land in northern Israel after recent barrage
7:37 a.m.: Sirens sound in Betzet, northern Israel
7:37 a.m.: Sirens sound in Shlomi and Hanita, northern Israel
5:56 a.m.: Sirens sounded in Metula, northern Israel.
4:53 a.m.: Sirens sounded in Shlomi and Betzet, northern Israel.
2:30 a.m.: A short while ago, a UAV that was fired from the east was intercepted by the IAF.
No sirens were sounded in accordance with protocol.
12:51 a.m.: During the day on Tuesday, 18 casualties from the fighting in Lebanon and the northern border were evacuated to Ziv Hospital in Tzfat.
All the victims are suffering from minor injuries. Two remain hospitalized for continued treatment, Eight were discharged to their homes/back to action and eight victims are still undergoing tests in the emergency department.
Tuesday, October 8:
ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2023. Magistrato Paolo Giorgio Ferri, “…Gli Americani…Ladri di Dèi”, in: Rai TV (2010) & NYT (2004 & 2020); S.v., "$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S."; in: NYT (23/01/2023) [Nel testo completo Italiano / English]; anche: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023) & Senatrice Margherita Corrado - Senato della Repubblica (11/08/2022). wp.me/pbMWvy-3Hr
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: NYT (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904288
1). ROME / ITALY - $20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S. - The authorities of the two countries have worked together to round up statues, vases and bronzes, some of which had appeared in American museums. The New York Times (24/01/2023) [In complete text / Nel testo completo].
____
Foto: Magistrato Paolo Giorgio Ferri; in: Aggiornare: ‘Petrolio – Ladri di bellezza 2018/2022’; Gli studiosi italiani: “Musei negli USA – Restituisci quello che hai rubato!”; in: RAI 1 HD / VIDEO (2018)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154224
____
ROME — Taken together, the five dozen ancient artifacts displayed at Italy’s culture ministry on Monday would have made a fine archaeological centerpiece for any museum.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686229
The items, dating from the seventh century B.C. to the first century A.D., included well-preserved marble statues, red-figure vases, a silver drinking bowl, even rare bronzes. The artifacts, worth more than $20 million, according to the Italian Culture Ministry, were back on Italian soil after having been seized in the United States by American officials over the past 14 months.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “Priceless’ Italian artifacts return home from U.S.”; in: Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646426951
____
ROME / ITALY - "Priceless' Italian artifacts return home from U.S."; in: Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
Italy is celebrating the return of 60 looted archaeological artifacts worth more than $20 million, many of which had been on display at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art before their illicit origin was discovered.
Fonte / source: Video & Foto; in:
--- Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/Reuters/status/1617626978009374722
____
Twenty-one of the works had been on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, as well as in private homes and auction houses, before being recovered by American officials, who acted on evidence that they had been illegally looted from archaeological sites in Italy.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686149
Gennaro Sangiuliano, Italy’s culture minister, said Monday during a celebratory news conference that the recovered artifacts were the “fruit of a collaboration,” between Italian and American law enforcement officials, that would not end with these 60 works.
Italy has fought for decades to quash the trade in illicitly excavated artifacts, and strenuous negotiations forged deals for the return of dozens of works with several American museums, notably the Met, and the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. Its efforts have picked up steam in recent years thanks to developments in technology, including easily consulted online databases and improved collaboration with American officials, and in particular the Manhattan’s district attorney’s office.
Culture ministry officials presented two works on Monday: a marble head of Athena, dated circa 200 B.C. and valued at $3 million, and a white-ground terra-cotta kylix, or drinking cup, attributed to the Villa Giulia Painter, dating to the fifth century B.C. and valued at $1.5 million. According to a search warrant, the artifacts were seized last July from the Metropolitan Museum along with 19 other works, many on show Monday.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904393
At the time of the seizure, the museum said in a statement that it had fully cooperated with the district attorney’s investigation and that its acquisition reviews have become more rigorous over the years.
“The norms of collecting have changed significantly in recent decades,” the museum said, “and The Met’s policies and procedures in this regard have been under constant review over the past 20 years.”
Among the items returned was a fresco depicting the infant Hercules strangling a snake, which dates to the first century. It is believed to have been looted from Herculaneum, a settlement buried in the Vesuvian eruption of 79 A.D., and decades ago was tracked by investigators to the apartment of Michael H. Steinhardt, a prominent New York venture capitalist and a major ancient art collector. In 2021, after investigators seized 180 stolen antiquities valued at $70 million from Mr. Steinhardt, he agreed to a lifetime ban on acquiring antiquities.
“The old laws only benefit bad guys,” he said. “The bad guys operate at the speed of bandwidth, and we have to do the same that’s why we operate outside the civil negotiating legal bureaucratic process.”
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904428
Mr. Bogdanos said that under his watch, officials had executed 75 raids involving Italian antiquities and recovered some 500 artifacts valued at more than $55 million.
Also included in the returned pieces was a piece called “Bronze Bust of Man,” dating to the first century B.C., that Mr. Bogdanos said was seized from the collection of Shelby White, a philanthropist, Met trustee and board member. The Art Newspaper reported the seizure in December.
Now that they have been returned to Italy, several of the artifacts will join other repatriated works in an exhibit at a new museum dedicated to recovered art that opened in Rome last summer.
Then they will be relocated to museums near the ancient sites they are believed to have been looted from, “because their identity is linked to that of their community,” said Gen. Vincenzo Molinese, the head of the Italy’s carabinieri art theft squad.
Fonte / source:
--- The New York Times (24/01/2023).
www.nytimes.com/2023/01/23/world/europe/italy-art-stolen-...
Fonte / source:
--- Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twitter (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/AmbasciataUSA/status/1617577396911362048
--- Gennaro Sangiuliano / Twitter (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/g_sangiuliano/status/1617808085283926018
Foto: ROMA / ITALIA – Restituiti all’Italia 60 opere d’arte e reperti archeologici trafugati: valgono 20 milioni / foto: 1 di 32; in: Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686289
2). ROMA / ITALIA - Restituiti all'Italia 60 opere d'arte e reperti archeologici trafugati: valgono 20 milioni / foto: 1 di 32; in: Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
Hanno una datazione compresa tra il settimo e il primo secolo dopo Cristo, erano stati rubati da trafficanti internazionali e sono stati recuperati negli Stati Uniti grazie a un'operazione congiunta tra i Carabinieri per la Tutela del patrimonio culturale e il New York County District attorney's office. Tra le opere rimpatriate, l'affresco pompeiano 'Ercole fanciullo con serpente' del I secocolo d.C.
Fonte / source:
--- Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2023/01/23/opere-arte-reperti-archeol...
Foto: Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / FB (11/08/2022); s.v., Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154054
3). RARA 2022. ITALIA / USA – Aggiornare: ‘Petrolio – Ladri di bellezza 2018/2022’; Gli studiosi italiani: “Musei negli USA – Restituisci quello che hai rubato!”; in: RAI 1 HD / VIDEO (2018) & Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / Fb (08/2022) = “Il Getty Museum di Los Angeles restituirà all’Italia un antico gruppo scultoreo”; in: ARTRIBUNE & LOS ANGELES TIMES, USA (11/08/2022) [Italiano & English]. wp.me/pbMWvy-337
ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2023. Magistrato Paolo Giorgio Ferri, “…Gli Americani…Ladri di Dèi”, in: Rai TV (2010) & NYT (2004 & 2020); S.v., "$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S."; in: NYT (23/01/2023) [Nel testo completo Italiano / English]; anche: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023) & Senatrice Margherita Corrado - Senato della Repubblica (11/08/2022). wp.me/pbMWvy-3Hr
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: NYT (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904288
1). ROME / ITALY - $20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S. - The authorities of the two countries have worked together to round up statues, vases and bronzes, some of which had appeared in American museums. The New York Times (24/01/2023) [In complete text / Nel testo completo].
____
Foto: Magistrato Paolo Giorgio Ferri; in: Aggiornare: ‘Petrolio – Ladri di bellezza 2018/2022’; Gli studiosi italiani: “Musei negli USA – Restituisci quello che hai rubato!”; in: RAI 1 HD / VIDEO (2018)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154224
____
ROME — Taken together, the five dozen ancient artifacts displayed at Italy’s culture ministry on Monday would have made a fine archaeological centerpiece for any museum.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686229
The items, dating from the seventh century B.C. to the first century A.D., included well-preserved marble statues, red-figure vases, a silver drinking bowl, even rare bronzes. The artifacts, worth more than $20 million, according to the Italian Culture Ministry, were back on Italian soil after having been seized in the United States by American officials over the past 14 months.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “Priceless’ Italian artifacts return home from U.S.”; in: Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646426951
____
ROME / ITALY - "Priceless' Italian artifacts return home from U.S."; in: Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
Italy is celebrating the return of 60 looted archaeological artifacts worth more than $20 million, many of which had been on display at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art before their illicit origin was discovered.
Fonte / source: Video & Foto; in:
--- Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/Reuters/status/1617626978009374722
____
Twenty-one of the works had been on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, as well as in private homes and auction houses, before being recovered by American officials, who acted on evidence that they had been illegally looted from archaeological sites in Italy.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686149
Gennaro Sangiuliano, Italy’s culture minister, said Monday during a celebratory news conference that the recovered artifacts were the “fruit of a collaboration,” between Italian and American law enforcement officials, that would not end with these 60 works.
Italy has fought for decades to quash the trade in illicitly excavated artifacts, and strenuous negotiations forged deals for the return of dozens of works with several American museums, notably the Met, and the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. Its efforts have picked up steam in recent years thanks to developments in technology, including easily consulted online databases and improved collaboration with American officials, and in particular the Manhattan’s district attorney’s office.
Culture ministry officials presented two works on Monday: a marble head of Athena, dated circa 200 B.C. and valued at $3 million, and a white-ground terra-cotta kylix, or drinking cup, attributed to the Villa Giulia Painter, dating to the fifth century B.C. and valued at $1.5 million. According to a search warrant, the artifacts were seized last July from the Metropolitan Museum along with 19 other works, many on show Monday.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904393
At the time of the seizure, the museum said in a statement that it had fully cooperated with the district attorney’s investigation and that its acquisition reviews have become more rigorous over the years.
“The norms of collecting have changed significantly in recent decades,” the museum said, “and The Met’s policies and procedures in this regard have been under constant review over the past 20 years.”
Among the items returned was a fresco depicting the infant Hercules strangling a snake, which dates to the first century. It is believed to have been looted from Herculaneum, a settlement buried in the Vesuvian eruption of 79 A.D., and decades ago was tracked by investigators to the apartment of Michael H. Steinhardt, a prominent New York venture capitalist and a major ancient art collector. In 2021, after investigators seized 180 stolen antiquities valued at $70 million from Mr. Steinhardt, he agreed to a lifetime ban on acquiring antiquities.
“The old laws only benefit bad guys,” he said. “The bad guys operate at the speed of bandwidth, and we have to do the same that’s why we operate outside the civil negotiating legal bureaucratic process.”
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904428
Mr. Bogdanos said that under his watch, officials had executed 75 raids involving Italian antiquities and recovered some 500 artifacts valued at more than $55 million.
Also included in the returned pieces was a piece called “Bronze Bust of Man,” dating to the first century B.C., that Mr. Bogdanos said was seized from the collection of Shelby White, a philanthropist, Met trustee and board member. The Art Newspaper reported the seizure in December.
Now that they have been returned to Italy, several of the artifacts will join other repatriated works in an exhibit at a new museum dedicated to recovered art that opened in Rome last summer.
Then they will be relocated to museums near the ancient sites they are believed to have been looted from, “because their identity is linked to that of their community,” said Gen. Vincenzo Molinese, the head of the Italy’s carabinieri art theft squad.
Fonte / source:
--- The New York Times (24/01/2023).
www.nytimes.com/2023/01/23/world/europe/italy-art-stolen-...
Fonte / source:
--- Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twitter (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/AmbasciataUSA/status/1617577396911362048
--- Gennaro Sangiuliano / Twitter (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/g_sangiuliano/status/1617808085283926018
Foto: ROMA / ITALIA – Restituiti all’Italia 60 opere d’arte e reperti archeologici trafugati: valgono 20 milioni / foto: 1 di 32; in: Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686289
2). ROMA / ITALIA - Restituiti all'Italia 60 opere d'arte e reperti archeologici trafugati: valgono 20 milioni / foto: 1 di 32; in: Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
Hanno una datazione compresa tra il settimo e il primo secolo dopo Cristo, erano stati rubati da trafficanti internazionali e sono stati recuperati negli Stati Uniti grazie a un'operazione congiunta tra i Carabinieri per la Tutela del patrimonio culturale e il New York County District attorney's office. Tra le opere rimpatriate, l'affresco pompeiano 'Ercole fanciullo con serpente' del I secocolo d.C.
Fonte / source:
--- Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2023/01/23/opere-arte-reperti-archeol...
Foto: Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / FB (11/08/2022); s.v., Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154054
3). RARA 2022. ITALIA / USA – Aggiornare: ‘Petrolio – Ladri di bellezza 2018/2022’; Gli studiosi italiani: “Musei negli USA – Restituisci quello che hai rubato!”; in: RAI 1 HD / VIDEO (2018) & Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / Fb (08/2022) = “Il Getty Museum di Los Angeles restituirà all’Italia un antico gruppo scultoreo”; in: ARTRIBUNE & LOS ANGELES TIMES, USA (11/08/2022) [Italiano & English]. wp.me/pbMWvy-337
Live updates: Hezbollah continues to launch UAVs and rockets into Israel
IDF strikes over 230 terror targets in Gaza and Lebanon, Hezbollah continues rocket fire on Haifa area and northern border.
Israel National News
2 minutes
Published: Sep 24, 2024 at 3:47 AM (GMT+3)
Updated: Oct 11, 2024 at 10:07 PM
On Friday, September 13, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu ordered that the safe return of northern Israel's residents to their homes be added to the war's objectives. In the week that followed, dozens of Hezbollah terrorists were killed and thousands were maimed when their communication devices exploded. Israel did not claim responsibility for the explosions, but foreign media reported that the Mossad was behind them.
The following weekend, Hezbollah responded to the elimination of Radwan Force commander Ibrahim Aqil by expanding the range of fire and increasing rocket and UAV launches, targeting the lower Galilee, Haifa Bay, and Jezreel Valley areas. At the same time, the IDF increased its strikes on Hezbollah targets, striking buildings used to store long-range missiles. On Monday, IDF Chief of Staff Major General Herzi Halevi announced that the name of the operation in the northern arena is "Northern Arrows."
On Friday, September 27, Hezbollah Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah was eliminated in a large airstrike on a Hezbollah facility in Beirut.
Live Updates:
Friday, October 11:
10:07 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Misgav Am, northern Israel.
10:00 p.m.: Residents of central Israel report hearing explosions, IDF investigating.
9:54 p.m.: Sirens in Herzliya, central Israel, due to suspected hostile aircraft infiltration.
9:25 p.m.: Following the sirens that sounded at 8:50 p.m. in the Upper Galilee area, it was determined to be a false identification, the IDF Spokesperson's Unit said.
Following the sirens that sounded at 9:00 p.m. in the Upper Galilee area, several projectiles were fired from Lebanon and did not cross into Israeli territory. No injuries were reported.
9:21 p.m.: Sirens in Margaliot, northern Israel.
9:01 p.m.: Sirens in Kfar Giladi and Misgav Am, northern Israel.
8:50 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the Upper Galilee area.
7:56 p.m.: Sirens in Misgav Am, northern Israel.
6:13 p.m.: Sirens in Kiryat Shmona and Margaliot.
6:07 p.m.: Sirens in Shlomi and Rosh Hanikra in northern Israel.
6:00 p.m.: With the start of Yom Kippur and Shabbat in Israel, Arutz Sheva-Israel National News' North American desk will continue to update the site.
5:46 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the Upper Galilee area, northern Israel.
5:22 p.m.: Sirens sounded in northern Israel.
5:11 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Iksal and Tel Adashim, northern Israel.
4:32 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the Central Galilee and Upper Galilee areas, northern Israel.
4:01 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Metula and the area.
3:27 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the Galilee panhandle.
3:02 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the upper and western Galilee.
2:22 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the upper Galilee.
1:59 p.m.: Sky News Arabia reported citing sources that senior Hezbollah official Wafiq Safa was severely wounded in an attempted elimination yesterday and his condition is considered critical.
Safa, Nasrallah's confidant and brother-in-law, was reportedly the target of a rare Israeli strike in western Beirut.
1:56 p.m.: Hezbollah still has a substantial stockpile of weapons, including its most powerful precision missiles which it has yet to use, Reuters reported citing four sources familiar with the terror group's operations.
12:50 p.m.: The IDF announced that an initial inquiry indicates that the civilians who were injured in the area of Yaroun earlier this morning were injured as a result of an explosion of a fallen munition in the area and not by an anti-tank missile fired from Lebanon as earlier reported.
10:48: a.m.: Sirens sounded in the Upper Galilee area, northern Israel.
10:35 a.m.: The IAF struck and eliminated the terrorist Araeb el Shoga, a commander in the Hezbollah Radwan Forces’ Anti-tank Missile Unit in the Area of Meiss El Jabal in southern Lebanon. El Araeb was responsible for numerous anti-tank missile attacks on the area of Ramot Naftali in northern Israel.
9:52 a.m.: A foreign worker was killed in an anti-tank missile attack in Kibbutz Yir'on.
9:44 a.m.: Sirens sounded in Zarit, northern Israel.
8:31 a.m.: Sirens sounded in the city of Akko and surrounding communities, northern Israel.
8:20 a.m.: Sirens sounded in Kiryat Shmona and Margaliot, northern Israel.
6:49 a.m.: Following the sirens that were heard in the Ashkelon area, Magen David Adom stated that so far no calls have been received about injuries except for cases of anxiety and of people who were injured on the way to shelter.
6:46 a.m.: Home Front Command: The incident in the Ashkelon area has concluded.
6:45 a.m.: IDF: Sirens sounded due to a hostile aircraft infiltration in the area of Lakhish, details are under review.
6:38 a.m.: Sirens warning of hostile aircraft infiltration sounded in Ashkelon.
6:37 a.m.: Sirens warning of hostile aircraft infiltration sounded in Be'er Ganim.
5:07 a.m.: The pro-Iranian militias in Iraq claimed early Friday morning that they attacked a vital target in Eilat with UAVs.
Thursday, October 10:
11:54 p.m.: Following the sirens that sounded at 11:34 p.m. in the areas of Metula and Kfar Giladi, it was determined to be a false identification, said the IDF Spokesperson's Unit.
11:42 p.m.: As of 11:00 p.m., approximately 190 projectiles that were fired by the Hezbollah terrorist organization crossed from Lebanon into Israel on Thursday.
"The IDF will continue to defend the State of Israel and its people against the threat posed by the Hezbollah terrorist organization," said the IDF Spokesperson's Unit.
11:34 p.m.: Sirens in Metula and the area.
11:10 p.m.: The Home Front Command said that the incident of a hostile aircraft infiltration in northern Israel has concluded.
10:59 p.m.: Aerial infiltration in Merom Golan.
9:42 p.m.: The IDF Arabic Language Spokesman Avichay Adraee issued a warning calling on the residents of the Dahieh suburb to evacuate.
"Urgent warning to the residents of the southern suburb of Haret Hreik, specifically in the buildings specified in the two maps and those adjacent to them: You are located near Hezbollah facilities and interests, and the IDF will act against them in the near future. For your safety and the safety of your family members, you must evacuate this building and the buildings adjacent to it immediately and stay away from it for a distance of no less than 500 meters," Adraee wrote.
9:04 p.m.: A short time ago, the IAF intercepted two UAVs that were traveling from the east.
The UAVs did not cross into Israeli airspace and sirens were not sounded.
8:51 p.m.: The IDF released a statement in which it addressed reports that it opened fire at a UNIFIL post in southern Lebanon.
"The Hezbollah terrorist organization operates from within and near civilian areas in southern Lebanon, including areas near UNIFIL posts.
"The IDF is operating in southern Lebanon and maintains routine communication with UNIFIL.
"This morning (Thursday), IDF troops operated in the area of Naqoura, next to a UNIFIL base. Accordingly, the IDF instructed the UN forces in the area to remain in protected spaces, following which the forces opened fire in the area."
8:35 p.m.: Al Araby Al Jadeed reported that a building collapsed in Beirut following an Israeli airstrike. Al Arabiya reported that the strike targeted facilities belonging to Hezbollah's Islamic Health Authority. According to reports the target of the strike was Wafiq Safa, Hezbollah's "Defense Minister" and Hassan Nasrallah's brother-in-law.
8:22 p.m.: IDF Chief of Staff LTG Herzi Halevi and the Head of the ISA, Ronen Bar, conducted a joint situational assessment with the forces fighting in southern Lebanon, along with the Commanding Officer of the Northern Command and the Commanding Officer of the 91st Division.
הרמטכ"ל וראש השב"כ בדרום לבנוןenlarge
הרמטכ"ל וראש השב"כ בדרום לבנון
צילום: דובר צה"ל
8:05 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the western Galilee.
5:33 p.m.: A short while ago, the IAF intercepted a UAV that crossed from Lebanon into the area of the upper Galilee. Sirens regarding missiles and rockets were activated due to the possibility of falling shrapnel from the interception. No injuries were reported.
4:43 p.m.: Following the sirens that sounded a short while ago in the upper Galilee area regarding a hostile aircraft infiltration, the IAF intercepted a UAV that crossed from Lebanon into Israeli territory. No injuries were reported.
4:25 p.m.: Aerial infiltration in Kiryat Shmona.
4:01 p.m.: Following the sirens that sounded in the areas of the upper and western Galilee, approximately 50 projectiles crossed from Lebanon into Israeli territory. Several projectile falls were identified.
The IDF says that as of 4:00 p.m., approximately 105 projectiles that were fired by the Hezbollah terrorist organization have crossed from Lebanon into Israel today (Thursday, October 10th).
3:55 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the upper Galilee.
3:45 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Akko, Nahariya, and surrounding areas.
3:03 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Kiryat Shmona and Manara, northern Israel.
2:50 p.m.: A rocket from Lebanon exploded in the yard of a house in Nahf in central Galilee.
2:22 p.m.: Sirens sound in Karmiel and the surrounding areas in northern Israel
2:21 p.m.: Over the past hour, seven people injured in rocket strikes were evacuated to Ziv Medical Center in Tzfat.
Five of them suffered light injuries, and two others suffered moderate injuries. All are conscious, stable, and undergoing tests.
2:20p.m.: Sirens sounded in Misgav Am, in northern Israel
1:57 p.m.: Sirens sound in Kiryat Shmona and the surrounding areas, northern Israel
1:49 p.m.: A rocket launched from Lebanon has landed near Jenin in northern Samaria. No sirens were sounded.
The rocket fell in an open area, and there are no reports of injuries or damage.
1:35 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Kiryat Shmona and surrounding areas, northern Israel
1:12 p.m.: Im Tirtzu petition protesting UNRWA nomination for Nobel Peace Prize quickly gains 12,000 signatures. "We call on the prize committee not to stain the Prize with the blood found on the hands of UNRWA employees."
11:23 a.m.: IDF forces continue operations against Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Gaza, striking over 140 targets in a single day, and destroying tunnels in Rafah and weapons in Lebanon.
11:19 p.m.: Sirens sound in northern Israel
11:15 a.m.: Sirens sound in northern Israel
10:18 a.m.: Following the sirens that sounded in the area of the upper Galilee, approximately 40 projectiles were identified crossing from Lebanon into Israeli territory, some of which were intercepted, and several fell in the area.
10:03 a.m.: Sirens sounded in Kiryat Shmona and surrounding areas, northern Israel
8:37 a.m.: IDF eliminates two Hezbollah terrorists responsible for hundreds of missiles on northern Israel.
8:25 a.m.: US sends message via Saudi Arabia, promising Iran that it will not aid an attack on Iran's nuclear facilities; Iranian lawmakers call for progress on nuclear weapon.
2:42 a.m.: The Lebanese Al-Mayadeen network, which is affiliated with Hezbollah, reported an Israeli strike in the Dahieh suburb of Beirut.
The strike came after Avichay Adraee, head of the Arab media division of the IDF Spokesperson's Unit, called on the residents of several buildings in the Dahieh suburb to evacuate.
12:00 a.m.: Following the siren that sounded at 11:24 p.m. in Majdal Shams, it was determined to be a false identification, the IDF Spokesperson's Unit said.
Wednesday, October 9:
11:45: A short while ago, the IAF successfully intercepted a UAV that approached Israel over the Red Sea. The UAV did not cross into Israeli territory.
11:31 p.m.: The Home Front Command stated that the incident involving a hostile aircraft in northern Israel has concluded.
11:24 p.m.: Siren warning of suspected hostile aircraft sounded in Majdal Shams.
11:08 p.m.: As of 11:00 p.m. on Wednesday, approximately 220 projectiles that were fired by the Hezbollah terrorist organization crossed from Lebanon into Israel. Overall, Hezbollah fired 360 projectiles toward Israeli territory.
"The IDF will continue to defend the State of Israel and its people against the threat posed by the Hezbollah terrorist organization," said the IDF Spokesperson's Unit.
9:30 p.m.: The sirens in the Upper Galilee were determined to be a false alarm
9:18 p.m.: Sirens sounded in the Upper Galilee area, northern Israel.
6:40 p.m.: The IDF announced that earlier today, an Israeli Navy missile ship successfully intercepted a UAV outside of Israeli territory that was approaching from Lebanon.
The IAF swiftly struck and destroyed the launcher from which projectiles were fired toward Shlomi and Safed.
5:40 p.m.: The IDF announced that following the sirens that sounded between 16:41 - 16:49 in the areas of the Upper Galilee, Western Galilee, and southern Golan Heights, approximately 90 projectile launches were identified crossing from Lebanon into Israeli territory. Some of the projectiles were intercepted by the IAF, fallen projectiles were identified.
Additionally, the IAF struck and destroyed the launcher from which the projectiles were launched at the area of Kiryat Shmona at 14:17.
Israeli Fire and Rescue services are currently operating to extinguish fires in the area.
5:28 p.m.: Sirens sounded in northern Israel.
4:42 p.m.: Sirens sounded in northern Israel.
4:05 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Metula and Misgav Am, northern Israel.
3:36 p.m.: Sirens sounded in northern Israel.
3:28 p.m.: Sirens sounded in Margaliot and Misgav Am, northern Israel.
3:15 p.m.: Sirens sounded in northern Israel.
2:50 p.m.: A man and woman were killed in a rocket barrage on Kiryat Shmona.
2:16 p.m.: Sirens sound in Kiryat Shmona, Tel Hai, and Manara, northern Israel
2:04 p.m.: Sirens sound in Kiryat Shmona, Beit Hillel, and Hagoshrim, northern Israel
1:36 p.m.: IDF report: "Following the sirens that sounded in the areas of the Upper Galilee and the Haifa Bay, approximately 40 projectile launches were identified crossing from Lebanon into Israeli territory. Some of the projectiles were intercepted by the IAF, a number have fallen in the area."
1:17 p.m.: Initial reports: Two injured by shrapnel at Kiryat Ata Interchange
1:12 p.m.: Sirens sound in Akko, northern Israel
1:11 p.m.: Sirens sound in the Haifa Bay area
12:57 p.m.: Sirens sound in northern Israel
12:56 p.m.: IDF dismantles Hezbollah weapons storage facility measuring 7 meters deep, hidden inside residential building in southern Lebanon village, eliminates terrorists who killed Captain Ben Zion Falach.
12:43 p.m.: Sirens sound in Avivim, northern Israel
12:42 p.m.: In Gaza and Lebanon, IAF strikes over 230 terror targets in a single day, continuing operations in Lebanon, eliminating terrorists in close-quarters combat and from the air, and neutralizing launchpads.
11:58 a.m.: Jerusalem has asked the US to try to push for new elections in Lebanon, in the hopes that Hezbollah will lose part of its political power.
11:21 a.m.: Sirens sound in northern Israel
9:45 a.m.: The IDF distributed flyers in the Al Mawasi region of Gaza, with a message to Hamas leader, Yahya Sinwar: "Sinwar, there is no tunnel too deep. Ask Nasrallah!"
9:04 a.m.: Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar has ordered that the suicide bombings which characterized the Second Intifada be restarted, WSJ reports.
9:02 a.m.: Sirens sound in Manara and Margaliot, in the Upper Galilee
8:44 a.m.: Following the sirens that sounded in the areas of Menashe, HaMifrats, and Carmel, two projectiles that crossed from Lebanon into Israeli territory were successfully intercepted.
8:29 a.m.: Sirens sound in the Carmel region in northern Israel
8:27 a.m.: Sirens sound in Zikhron Ya'akov, Binyamina, Caesarea, Atlit, and nearby areas in northern Israel.
8:22 a.m.: Sirens sound in Avivim, northern Israel
8:10 a.m.: Recent barrage from Lebanon included around 20 launches, no one injured
7:51 a.m.: At least ten rockets land in northern Israel after recent barrage
7:37 a.m.: Sirens sound in Betzet, northern Israel
7:37 a.m.: Sirens sound in Shlomi and Hanita, northern Israel
5:56 a.m.: Sirens sounded in Metula, northern Israel.
4:53 a.m.: Sirens sounded in Shlomi and Betzet, northern Israel.
2:30 a.m.: A short while ago, a UAV that was fired from the east was intercepted by the IAF.
No sirens were sounded in accordance with protocol.
12:51 a.m.: During the day on Tuesday, 18 casualties from the fighting in Lebanon and the northern border were evacuated to Ziv Hospital in Tzfat.
All the victims are suffering from minor injuries. Two remain hospitalized for continued treatment, Eight were discharged to their homes/back to action and eight victims are still undergoing tests in the emergency department.
Tuesday, October 8:
ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2023. Magistrato Paolo Giorgio Ferri, “…Gli Americani…Ladri di Dèi”, in: Rai TV (2010) & NYT (2004 & 2020); S.v., "$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S."; in: NYT (23/01/2023) [Nel testo completo Italiano / English]; anche: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023) & Senatrice Margherita Corrado - Senato della Repubblica (11/08/2022). wp.me/pbMWvy-3Hr
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: NYT (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904288
1). ROME / ITALY - $20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S. - The authorities of the two countries have worked together to round up statues, vases and bronzes, some of which had appeared in American museums. The New York Times (24/01/2023) [In complete text / Nel testo completo].
____
Foto: Magistrato Paolo Giorgio Ferri; in: Aggiornare: ‘Petrolio – Ladri di bellezza 2018/2022’; Gli studiosi italiani: “Musei negli USA – Restituisci quello che hai rubato!”; in: RAI 1 HD / VIDEO (2018)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154224
____
ROME — Taken together, the five dozen ancient artifacts displayed at Italy’s culture ministry on Monday would have made a fine archaeological centerpiece for any museum.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686229
The items, dating from the seventh century B.C. to the first century A.D., included well-preserved marble statues, red-figure vases, a silver drinking bowl, even rare bronzes. The artifacts, worth more than $20 million, according to the Italian Culture Ministry, were back on Italian soil after having been seized in the United States by American officials over the past 14 months.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “Priceless’ Italian artifacts return home from U.S.”; in: Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646426951
____
ROME / ITALY - "Priceless' Italian artifacts return home from U.S."; in: Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
Italy is celebrating the return of 60 looted archaeological artifacts worth more than $20 million, many of which had been on display at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art before their illicit origin was discovered.
Fonte / source: Video & Foto; in:
--- Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/Reuters/status/1617626978009374722
____
Twenty-one of the works had been on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, as well as in private homes and auction houses, before being recovered by American officials, who acted on evidence that they had been illegally looted from archaeological sites in Italy.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686149
Gennaro Sangiuliano, Italy’s culture minister, said Monday during a celebratory news conference that the recovered artifacts were the “fruit of a collaboration,” between Italian and American law enforcement officials, that would not end with these 60 works.
Italy has fought for decades to quash the trade in illicitly excavated artifacts, and strenuous negotiations forged deals for the return of dozens of works with several American museums, notably the Met, and the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. Its efforts have picked up steam in recent years thanks to developments in technology, including easily consulted online databases and improved collaboration with American officials, and in particular the Manhattan’s district attorney’s office.
Culture ministry officials presented two works on Monday: a marble head of Athena, dated circa 200 B.C. and valued at $3 million, and a white-ground terra-cotta kylix, or drinking cup, attributed to the Villa Giulia Painter, dating to the fifth century B.C. and valued at $1.5 million. According to a search warrant, the artifacts were seized last July from the Metropolitan Museum along with 19 other works, many on show Monday.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904393
At the time of the seizure, the museum said in a statement that it had fully cooperated with the district attorney’s investigation and that its acquisition reviews have become more rigorous over the years.
“The norms of collecting have changed significantly in recent decades,” the museum said, “and The Met’s policies and procedures in this regard have been under constant review over the past 20 years.”
Among the items returned was a fresco depicting the infant Hercules strangling a snake, which dates to the first century. It is believed to have been looted from Herculaneum, a settlement buried in the Vesuvian eruption of 79 A.D., and decades ago was tracked by investigators to the apartment of Michael H. Steinhardt, a prominent New York venture capitalist and a major ancient art collector. In 2021, after investigators seized 180 stolen antiquities valued at $70 million from Mr. Steinhardt, he agreed to a lifetime ban on acquiring antiquities.
“The old laws only benefit bad guys,” he said. “The bad guys operate at the speed of bandwidth, and we have to do the same that’s why we operate outside the civil negotiating legal bureaucratic process.”
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904428
Mr. Bogdanos said that under his watch, officials had executed 75 raids involving Italian antiquities and recovered some 500 artifacts valued at more than $55 million.
Also included in the returned pieces was a piece called “Bronze Bust of Man,” dating to the first century B.C., that Mr. Bogdanos said was seized from the collection of Shelby White, a philanthropist, Met trustee and board member. The Art Newspaper reported the seizure in December.
Now that they have been returned to Italy, several of the artifacts will join other repatriated works in an exhibit at a new museum dedicated to recovered art that opened in Rome last summer.
Then they will be relocated to museums near the ancient sites they are believed to have been looted from, “because their identity is linked to that of their community,” said Gen. Vincenzo Molinese, the head of the Italy’s carabinieri art theft squad.
Fonte / source:
--- The New York Times (24/01/2023).
www.nytimes.com/2023/01/23/world/europe/italy-art-stolen-...
Fonte / source:
--- Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twitter (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/AmbasciataUSA/status/1617577396911362048
--- Gennaro Sangiuliano / Twitter (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/g_sangiuliano/status/1617808085283926018
Foto: ROMA / ITALIA – Restituiti all’Italia 60 opere d’arte e reperti archeologici trafugati: valgono 20 milioni / foto: 1 di 32; in: Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686289
2). ROMA / ITALIA - Restituiti all'Italia 60 opere d'arte e reperti archeologici trafugati: valgono 20 milioni / foto: 1 di 32; in: Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
Hanno una datazione compresa tra il settimo e il primo secolo dopo Cristo, erano stati rubati da trafficanti internazionali e sono stati recuperati negli Stati Uniti grazie a un'operazione congiunta tra i Carabinieri per la Tutela del patrimonio culturale e il New York County District attorney's office. Tra le opere rimpatriate, l'affresco pompeiano 'Ercole fanciullo con serpente' del I secocolo d.C.
Fonte / source:
--- Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2023/01/23/opere-arte-reperti-archeol...
Foto: Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / FB (11/08/2022); s.v., Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154054
3). RARA 2022. ITALIA / USA – Aggiornare: ‘Petrolio – Ladri di bellezza 2018/2022’; Gli studiosi italiani: “Musei negli USA – Restituisci quello che hai rubato!”; in: RAI 1 HD / VIDEO (2018) & Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / Fb (08/2022) = “Il Getty Museum di Los Angeles restituirà all’Italia un antico gruppo scultoreo”; in: ARTRIBUNE & LOS ANGELES TIMES, USA (11/08/2022) [Italiano & English]. wp.me/pbMWvy-337
ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2023. Magistrato Paolo Giorgio Ferri, “…Gli Americani…Ladri di Dèi”, in: Rai TV (2010) & NYT (2004 & 2020); S.v., "$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S."; in: NYT (23/01/2023) [Nel testo completo Italiano / English]; anche: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023) & Senatrice Margherita Corrado - Senato della Repubblica (11/08/2022). wp.me/pbMWvy-3Hr
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: NYT (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904288
1). ROME / ITALY - $20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S. - The authorities of the two countries have worked together to round up statues, vases and bronzes, some of which had appeared in American museums. The New York Times (24/01/2023) [In complete text / Nel testo completo].
____
Foto: Magistrato Paolo Giorgio Ferri; in: Aggiornare: ‘Petrolio – Ladri di bellezza 2018/2022’; Gli studiosi italiani: “Musei negli USA – Restituisci quello che hai rubato!”; in: RAI 1 HD / VIDEO (2018)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154224
____
ROME — Taken together, the five dozen ancient artifacts displayed at Italy’s culture ministry on Monday would have made a fine archaeological centerpiece for any museum.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686229
The items, dating from the seventh century B.C. to the first century A.D., included well-preserved marble statues, red-figure vases, a silver drinking bowl, even rare bronzes. The artifacts, worth more than $20 million, according to the Italian Culture Ministry, were back on Italian soil after having been seized in the United States by American officials over the past 14 months.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “Priceless’ Italian artifacts return home from U.S.”; in: Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646426951
____
ROME / ITALY - "Priceless' Italian artifacts return home from U.S."; in: Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
Italy is celebrating the return of 60 looted archaeological artifacts worth more than $20 million, many of which had been on display at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art before their illicit origin was discovered.
Fonte / source: Video & Foto; in:
--- Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/Reuters/status/1617626978009374722
____
Twenty-one of the works had been on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, as well as in private homes and auction houses, before being recovered by American officials, who acted on evidence that they had been illegally looted from archaeological sites in Italy.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686149
Gennaro Sangiuliano, Italy’s culture minister, said Monday during a celebratory news conference that the recovered artifacts were the “fruit of a collaboration,” between Italian and American law enforcement officials, that would not end with these 60 works.
Italy has fought for decades to quash the trade in illicitly excavated artifacts, and strenuous negotiations forged deals for the return of dozens of works with several American museums, notably the Met, and the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. Its efforts have picked up steam in recent years thanks to developments in technology, including easily consulted online databases and improved collaboration with American officials, and in particular the Manhattan’s district attorney’s office.
Culture ministry officials presented two works on Monday: a marble head of Athena, dated circa 200 B.C. and valued at $3 million, and a white-ground terra-cotta kylix, or drinking cup, attributed to the Villa Giulia Painter, dating to the fifth century B.C. and valued at $1.5 million. According to a search warrant, the artifacts were seized last July from the Metropolitan Museum along with 19 other works, many on show Monday.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904393
At the time of the seizure, the museum said in a statement that it had fully cooperated with the district attorney’s investigation and that its acquisition reviews have become more rigorous over the years.
“The norms of collecting have changed significantly in recent decades,” the museum said, “and The Met’s policies and procedures in this regard have been under constant review over the past 20 years.”
Among the items returned was a fresco depicting the infant Hercules strangling a snake, which dates to the first century. It is believed to have been looted from Herculaneum, a settlement buried in the Vesuvian eruption of 79 A.D., and decades ago was tracked by investigators to the apartment of Michael H. Steinhardt, a prominent New York venture capitalist and a major ancient art collector. In 2021, after investigators seized 180 stolen antiquities valued at $70 million from Mr. Steinhardt, he agreed to a lifetime ban on acquiring antiquities.
“The old laws only benefit bad guys,” he said. “The bad guys operate at the speed of bandwidth, and we have to do the same that’s why we operate outside the civil negotiating legal bureaucratic process.”
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904428
Mr. Bogdanos said that under his watch, officials had executed 75 raids involving Italian antiquities and recovered some 500 artifacts valued at more than $55 million.
Also included in the returned pieces was a piece called “Bronze Bust of Man,” dating to the first century B.C., that Mr. Bogdanos said was seized from the collection of Shelby White, a philanthropist, Met trustee and board member. The Art Newspaper reported the seizure in December.
Now that they have been returned to Italy, several of the artifacts will join other repatriated works in an exhibit at a new museum dedicated to recovered art that opened in Rome last summer.
Then they will be relocated to museums near the ancient sites they are believed to have been looted from, “because their identity is linked to that of their community,” said Gen. Vincenzo Molinese, the head of the Italy’s carabinieri art theft squad.
Fonte / source:
--- The New York Times (24/01/2023).
www.nytimes.com/2023/01/23/world/europe/italy-art-stolen-...
Fonte / source:
--- Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twitter (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/AmbasciataUSA/status/1617577396911362048
--- Gennaro Sangiuliano / Twitter (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/g_sangiuliano/status/1617808085283926018
Foto: ROMA / ITALIA – Restituiti all’Italia 60 opere d’arte e reperti archeologici trafugati: valgono 20 milioni / foto: 1 di 32; in: Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686289
2). ROMA / ITALIA - Restituiti all'Italia 60 opere d'arte e reperti archeologici trafugati: valgono 20 milioni / foto: 1 di 32; in: Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
Hanno una datazione compresa tra il settimo e il primo secolo dopo Cristo, erano stati rubati da trafficanti internazionali e sono stati recuperati negli Stati Uniti grazie a un'operazione congiunta tra i Carabinieri per la Tutela del patrimonio culturale e il New York County District attorney's office. Tra le opere rimpatriate, l'affresco pompeiano 'Ercole fanciullo con serpente' del I secocolo d.C.
Fonte / source:
--- Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2023/01/23/opere-arte-reperti-archeol...
Foto: Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / FB (11/08/2022); s.v., Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154054
3). RARA 2022. ITALIA / USA – Aggiornare: ‘Petrolio – Ladri di bellezza 2018/2022’; Gli studiosi italiani: “Musei negli USA – Restituisci quello che hai rubato!”; in: RAI 1 HD / VIDEO (2018) & Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / Fb (08/2022) = “Il Getty Museum di Los Angeles restituirà all’Italia un antico gruppo scultoreo”; in: ARTRIBUNE & LOS ANGELES TIMES, USA (11/08/2022) [Italiano & English]. wp.me/pbMWvy-337
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Reflect on Your Goals: Remind yourself why you embarked on this job search journey in the first place. Take a moment to reflect on your career aspirations, values, and what truly drives you. Visualize yourself in your dream job and let that vision fuel your motivation.
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Jobwala app ( play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jobwala ) is your gateway to unlocking your dream job. By downloading the app and following these steps, you can leverage the platform's powerful features, extensive job listings, and resources to navigate your job search effectively. Trust in the process, stay persistent, and remain confident in your abilities.
Remember, your dream job is just a few taps away with Jobwala!
ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2023. Magistrato Paolo Giorgio Ferri, “…Gli Americani…Ladri di Dèi”, in: Rai TV (2010) & NYT (2004 & 2020); S.v., "$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S."; in: NYT (23/01/2023) [Nel testo completo Italiano / English]; anche: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023) & Senatrice Margherita Corrado - Senato della Repubblica (11/08/2022). wp.me/pbMWvy-3Hr
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: NYT (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904288
1). ROME / ITALY - $20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S. - The authorities of the two countries have worked together to round up statues, vases and bronzes, some of which had appeared in American museums. The New York Times (24/01/2023) [In complete text / Nel testo completo].
____
Foto: Magistrato Paolo Giorgio Ferri; in: Aggiornare: ‘Petrolio – Ladri di bellezza 2018/2022’; Gli studiosi italiani: “Musei negli USA – Restituisci quello che hai rubato!”; in: RAI 1 HD / VIDEO (2018)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154224
____
ROME — Taken together, the five dozen ancient artifacts displayed at Italy’s culture ministry on Monday would have made a fine archaeological centerpiece for any museum.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686229
The items, dating from the seventh century B.C. to the first century A.D., included well-preserved marble statues, red-figure vases, a silver drinking bowl, even rare bronzes. The artifacts, worth more than $20 million, according to the Italian Culture Ministry, were back on Italian soil after having been seized in the United States by American officials over the past 14 months.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “Priceless’ Italian artifacts return home from U.S.”; in: Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646426951
____
ROME / ITALY - "Priceless' Italian artifacts return home from U.S."; in: Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
Italy is celebrating the return of 60 looted archaeological artifacts worth more than $20 million, many of which had been on display at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art before their illicit origin was discovered.
Fonte / source: Video & Foto; in:
--- Reuters News / Twitter & You-Tube (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/Reuters/status/1617626978009374722
____
Twenty-one of the works had been on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, as well as in private homes and auction houses, before being recovered by American officials, who acted on evidence that they had been illegally looted from archaeological sites in Italy.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686149
Gennaro Sangiuliano, Italy’s culture minister, said Monday during a celebratory news conference that the recovered artifacts were the “fruit of a collaboration,” between Italian and American law enforcement officials, that would not end with these 60 works.
Italy has fought for decades to quash the trade in illicitly excavated artifacts, and strenuous negotiations forged deals for the return of dozens of works with several American museums, notably the Met, and the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. Its efforts have picked up steam in recent years thanks to developments in technology, including easily consulted online databases and improved collaboration with American officials, and in particular the Manhattan’s district attorney’s office.
Culture ministry officials presented two works on Monday: a marble head of Athena, dated circa 200 B.C. and valued at $3 million, and a white-ground terra-cotta kylix, or drinking cup, attributed to the Villa Giulia Painter, dating to the fifth century B.C. and valued at $1.5 million. According to a search warrant, the artifacts were seized last July from the Metropolitan Museum along with 19 other works, many on show Monday.
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904393
At the time of the seizure, the museum said in a statement that it had fully cooperated with the district attorney’s investigation and that its acquisition reviews have become more rigorous over the years.
“The norms of collecting have changed significantly in recent decades,” the museum said, “and The Met’s policies and procedures in this regard have been under constant review over the past 20 years.”
Among the items returned was a fresco depicting the infant Hercules strangling a snake, which dates to the first century. It is believed to have been looted from Herculaneum, a settlement buried in the Vesuvian eruption of 79 A.D., and decades ago was tracked by investigators to the apartment of Michael H. Steinhardt, a prominent New York venture capitalist and a major ancient art collector. In 2021, after investigators seized 180 stolen antiquities valued at $70 million from Mr. Steinhardt, he agreed to a lifetime ban on acquiring antiquities.
“The old laws only benefit bad guys,” he said. “The bad guys operate at the speed of bandwidth, and we have to do the same that’s why we operate outside the civil negotiating legal bureaucratic process.”
Foto: ROME / ITALY – “$20 Million Worth of Looted Art Returns to Italy From the U.S.”, in: Gennaro Sangiuliano & Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twt (23/01/2023)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646904428
Mr. Bogdanos said that under his watch, officials had executed 75 raids involving Italian antiquities and recovered some 500 artifacts valued at more than $55 million.
Also included in the returned pieces was a piece called “Bronze Bust of Man,” dating to the first century B.C., that Mr. Bogdanos said was seized from the collection of Shelby White, a philanthropist, Met trustee and board member. The Art Newspaper reported the seizure in December.
Now that they have been returned to Italy, several of the artifacts will join other repatriated works in an exhibit at a new museum dedicated to recovered art that opened in Rome last summer.
Then they will be relocated to museums near the ancient sites they are believed to have been looted from, “because their identity is linked to that of their community,” said Gen. Vincenzo Molinese, the head of the Italy’s carabinieri art theft squad.
Fonte / source:
--- The New York Times (24/01/2023).
www.nytimes.com/2023/01/23/world/europe/italy-art-stolen-...
Fonte / source:
--- Ambasciata U.S.A. / Twitter (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/AmbasciataUSA/status/1617577396911362048
--- Gennaro Sangiuliano / Twitter (23/01/2023).
twitter.com/g_sangiuliano/status/1617808085283926018
Foto: ROMA / ITALIA – Restituiti all’Italia 60 opere d’arte e reperti archeologici trafugati: valgono 20 milioni / foto: 1 di 32; in: Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52646686289
2). ROMA / ITALIA - Restituiti all'Italia 60 opere d'arte e reperti archeologici trafugati: valgono 20 milioni / foto: 1 di 32; in: Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
Hanno una datazione compresa tra il settimo e il primo secolo dopo Cristo, erano stati rubati da trafficanti internazionali e sono stati recuperati negli Stati Uniti grazie a un'operazione congiunta tra i Carabinieri per la Tutela del patrimonio culturale e il New York County District attorney's office. Tra le opere rimpatriate, l'affresco pompeiano 'Ercole fanciullo con serpente' del I secocolo d.C.
Fonte / source:
--- Sky Tg24 (23/01/2023).
tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2023/01/23/opere-arte-reperti-archeol...
Foto: Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / FB (11/08/2022); s.v., Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154054
3). RARA 2022. ITALIA / USA – Aggiornare: ‘Petrolio – Ladri di bellezza 2018/2022’; Gli studiosi italiani: “Musei negli USA – Restituisci quello che hai rubato!”; in: RAI 1 HD / VIDEO (2018) & Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / Fb (08/2022) = “Il Getty Museum di Los Angeles restituirà all’Italia un antico gruppo scultoreo”; in: ARTRIBUNE & LOS ANGELES TIMES, USA (11/08/2022) [Italiano & English]. wp.me/pbMWvy-337
Are you ready to embark on a journey towards your dream job? Look no further than the Jobwala app. With its powerful features and extensive job listings, Jobwala is your ultimate tool to land that perfect career opportunity. Whether you're a recent graduate, a seasoned professional looking for a career change, or someone seeking better prospects, Jobwala can help you navigate the competitive job market and secure the job of your dreams. Follow these steps to maximize your chances of getting your dream job through the Jobwala app:
Step 1: Create a Compelling Profile
Start by creating a compelling and comprehensive profile on the Jobwala app ( play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jobwala ). Highlight your skills, qualifications, work experience, and achievements. Add a professional-looking profile picture and craft a captivating summary that showcases your unique value proposition.
Step 2: Set Your Preferences
Customize your job search preferences on the Jobwala app. Specify your preferred industry, job title, location, salary range, and other relevant criteria. By setting your preferences, you ensure that the app presents you with the most relevant and tailored job recommendations. This saves you time and allows you to focus on the opportunities that align with your goals and aspirations.
Step 3: Explore Job Listings
Once your profile is set up, it's time to dive into the extensive job listings on the Jobwala app. Use the search filters to narrow down your options based on your preferences. You can filter by location, job title, salary range, and more. Take the time to read the job descriptions, requirements, and company profiles to find the perfect match for your skills and aspirations. Pay attention to the application deadlines and make a note of any specific instructions provided by the employer.
Step 4: Save and Apply
When you come across intriguing job opportunities, save them for later reference. The Jobwala app allows you to bookmark and organize your saved jobs, making it easier to revisit and apply to them. Be sure to review the saved Jobwala App regularly and prioritize the ones that closely align with your career goals. When you're ready to apply, use the app's simple and streamlined application process to submit your resume and cover letter directly to the hiring companies. Tailor your application materials to each job, highlighting the skills and experiences that make you a strong fit.
Step 5: Leverage the Power of Notifications
Stay up-to-date with the latest job openings by enabling notifications on the Jobwala app. By doing so, you'll receive alerts for new job listings, application updates, and interview requests. Staying informed is crucial in a competitive job market, as it allows you to act swiftly and increase your chances of securing your dream job. Set aside dedicated time each day to review notifications and take action accordingly.
Step 6: Polish Your Skills
Use the resources available on the Jobwala app to enhance your skills and marketability. Access career guidance articles, interview tips, and professional development resources. Take advantage of any training or certification programs recommended by the app to further boost your qualifications. Continuously investing in your skills will not only make you a more attractive candidate but also increase your confidence during the job search process.
Step 7: Engage with the Jobwala Community
Join the vibrant Jobwala community by connecting with other job seekers, industry professionals, and recruiters. Participate in discussions, share your insights, and expand your network. Networking on the Jobwala app can uncover hidden opportunities and open doors to potential referrals and mentorship. Engaging with the community also allows you to stay updated on the latest trends, industry news, and valuable insights shared by professionals in your field
Step 8: Stay Motivated and Persistent
The journey to your dream job may have its ups and downs, but stay motivated and persistent. Keep refining your profile, learning from each application, and leveraging the resources on the Jobwala app. Celebrate small victories and stay positive throughout your job search journey. Celebrate small victories and stay positive throughout your job search journey. Here are a few tips to help you stay motivated and focused throughout your job search:
Reflect on Your Goals: Remind yourself why you embarked on this job search journey in the first place. Take a moment to reflect on your career aspirations, values, and what truly drives you. Visualize yourself in your dream job and let that vision fuel your motivation.
Celebrate Small Victories: Landing your dream job is a significant accomplishment, but don't forget to celebrate the small victories along the way. Whether it's getting positive feedback on your resume, securing an interview, or receiving a callback, each milestone is a step forward. Acknowledge and reward yourself for the progress you make.
Jobwala app ( play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jobwala ) is your gateway to unlocking your dream job. By downloading the app and following these steps, you can leverage the platform's powerful features, extensive job listings, and resources to navigate your job search effectively. Trust in the process, stay persistent, and remain confident in your abilities.
Remember, your dream job is just a few taps away with Jobwala!
Are you ready to embark on a journey towards your dream job? Look no further than the Jobwala app. With its powerful features and extensive job listings, Jobwala is your ultimate tool to land that perfect career opportunity. Whether you're a recent graduate, a seasoned professional looking for a career change, or someone seeking better prospects, Jobwala can help you navigate the competitive job market and secure the job of your dreams. Follow these steps to maximize your chances of getting your dream job through the Jobwala app:
Step 1: Create a Compelling Profile
Start by creating a compelling and comprehensive profile on the Jobwala app ( play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jobwala ). Highlight your skills, qualifications, work experience, and achievements. Add a professional-looking profile picture and craft a captivating summary that showcases your unique value proposition.
Step 2: Set Your Preferences
Customize your job search preferences on the Jobwala app. Specify your preferred industry, job title, location, salary range, and other relevant criteria. By setting your preferences, you ensure that the app presents you with the most relevant and tailored job recommendations. This saves you time and allows you to focus on the opportunities that align with your goals and aspirations.
Step 3: Explore Job Listings
Once your profile is set up, it's time to dive into the extensive job listings on the Jobwala app. Use the search filters to narrow down your options based on your preferences. You can filter by location, job title, salary range, and more. Take the time to read the job descriptions, requirements, and company profiles to find the perfect match for your skills and aspirations. Pay attention to the application deadlines and make a note of any specific instructions provided by the employer.
Step 4: Save and Apply
When you come across intriguing job opportunities, save them for later reference. The Jobwala app allows you to bookmark and organize your saved jobs, making it easier to revisit and apply to them. Be sure to review the saved Jobwala App regularly and prioritize the ones that closely align with your career goals. When you're ready to apply, use the app's simple and streamlined application process to submit your resume and cover letter directly to the hiring companies. Tailor your application materials to each job, highlighting the skills and experiences that make you a strong fit.
Step 5: Leverage the Power of Notifications
Stay up-to-date with the latest job openings by enabling notifications on the Jobwala app. By doing so, you'll receive alerts for new job listings, application updates, and interview requests. Staying informed is crucial in a competitive job market, as it allows you to act swiftly and increase your chances of securing your dream job. Set aside dedicated time each day to review notifications and take action accordingly.
Step 6: Polish Your Skills
Use the resources available on the Jobwala app to enhance your skills and marketability. Access career guidance articles, interview tips, and professional development resources. Take advantage of any training or certification programs recommended by the app to further boost your qualifications. Continuously investing in your skills will not only make you a more attractive candidate but also increase your confidence during the job search process.
Step 7: Engage with the Jobwala Community
Join the vibrant Jobwala community by connecting with other job seekers, industry professionals, and recruiters. Participate in discussions, share your insights, and expand your network. Networking on the Jobwala app can uncover hidden opportunities and open doors to potential referrals and mentorship. Engaging with the community also allows you to stay updated on the latest trends, industry news, and valuable insights shared by professionals in your field
Step 8: Stay Motivated and Persistent
The journey to your dream job may have its ups and downs, but stay motivated and persistent. Keep refining your profile, learning from each application, and leveraging the resources on the Jobwala app. Celebrate small victories and stay positive throughout your job search journey. Celebrate small victories and stay positive throughout your job search journey. Here are a few tips to help you stay motivated and focused throughout your job search:
Reflect on Your Goals: Remind yourself why you embarked on this job search journey in the first place. Take a moment to reflect on your career aspirations, values, and what truly drives you. Visualize yourself in your dream job and let that vision fuel your motivation.
Celebrate Small Victories: Landing your dream job is a significant accomplishment, but don't forget to celebrate the small victories along the way. Whether it's getting positive feedback on your resume, securing an interview, or receiving a callback, each milestone is a step forward. Acknowledge and reward yourself for the progress you make.
Jobwala app ( play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jobwala ) is your gateway to unlocking your dream job. By downloading the app and following these steps, you can leverage the platform's powerful features, extensive job listings, and resources to navigate your job search effectively. Trust in the process, stay persistent, and remain confident in your abilities.
Remember, your dream job is just a few taps away with Jobwala!
Are you ready to embark on a journey towards your dream job? Look no further than the Jobwala app. With its powerful features and extensive job listings, Jobwala is your ultimate tool to land that perfect career opportunity. Whether you're a recent graduate, a seasoned professional looking for a career change, or someone seeking better prospects, Jobwala can help you navigate the competitive job market and secure the job of your dreams. Follow these steps to maximize your chances of getting your dream job through the Jobwala app:
Step 1: Create a Compelling Profile
Start by creating a compelling and comprehensive profile on the Jobwala app ( play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jobwala ). Highlight your skills, qualifications, work experience, and achievements. Add a professional-looking profile picture and craft a captivating summary that showcases your unique value proposition.
Step 2: Set Your Preferences
Customize your job search preferences on the Jobwala app. Specify your preferred industry, job title, location, salary range, and other relevant criteria. By setting your preferences, you ensure that the app presents you with the most relevant and tailored job recommendations. This saves you time and allows you to focus on the opportunities that align with your goals and aspirations.
Step 3: Explore Job Listings
Once your profile is set up, it's time to dive into the extensive job listings on the Jobwala app. Use the search filters to narrow down your options based on your preferences. You can filter by location, job title, salary range, and more. Take the time to read the job descriptions, requirements, and company profiles to find the perfect match for your skills and aspirations. Pay attention to the application deadlines and make a note of any specific instructions provided by the employer.
Step 4: Save and Apply
When you come across intriguing job opportunities, save them for later reference. The Jobwala app allows you to bookmark and organize your saved jobs, making it easier to revisit and apply to them. Be sure to review the saved Jobwala App regularly and prioritize the ones that closely align with your career goals. When you're ready to apply, use the app's simple and streamlined application process to submit your resume and cover letter directly to the hiring companies. Tailor your application materials to each job, highlighting the skills and experiences that make you a strong fit.
Step 5: Leverage the Power of Notifications
Stay up-to-date with the latest job openings by enabling notifications on the Jobwala app. By doing so, you'll receive alerts for new job listings, application updates, and interview requests. Staying informed is crucial in a competitive job market, as it allows you to act swiftly and increase your chances of securing your dream job. Set aside dedicated time each day to review notifications and take action accordingly.
Step 6: Polish Your Skills
Use the resources available on the Jobwala app to enhance your skills and marketability. Access career guidance articles, interview tips, and professional development resources. Take advantage of any training or certification programs recommended by the app to further boost your qualifications. Continuously investing in your skills will not only make you a more attractive candidate but also increase your confidence during the job search process.
Step 7: Engage with the Jobwala Community
Join the vibrant Jobwala community by connecting with other job seekers, industry professionals, and recruiters. Participate in discussions, share your insights, and expand your network. Networking on the Jobwala app can uncover hidden opportunities and open doors to potential referrals and mentorship. Engaging with the community also allows you to stay updated on the latest trends, industry news, and valuable insights shared by professionals in your field
Step 8: Stay Motivated and Persistent
The journey to your dream job may have its ups and downs, but stay motivated and persistent. Keep refining your profile, learning from each application, and leveraging the resources on the Jobwala app. Celebrate small victories and stay positive throughout your job search journey. Celebrate small victories and stay positive throughout your job search journey. Here are a few tips to help you stay motivated and focused throughout your job search:
Reflect on Your Goals: Remind yourself why you embarked on this job search journey in the first place. Take a moment to reflect on your career aspirations, values, and what truly drives you. Visualize yourself in your dream job and let that vision fuel your motivation.
Celebrate Small Victories: Landing your dream job is a significant accomplishment, but don't forget to celebrate the small victories along the way. Whether it's getting positive feedback on your resume, securing an interview, or receiving a callback, each milestone is a step forward. Acknowledge and reward yourself for the progress you make.
Jobwala app ( play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jobwala ) is your gateway to unlocking your dream job. By downloading the app and following these steps, you can leverage the platform's powerful features, extensive job listings, and resources to navigate your job search effectively. Trust in the process, stay persistent, and remain confident in your abilities.
Remember, your dream job is just a few taps away with Jobwala!
Are you ready to embark on a journey towards your dream job? Look no further than the Jobwala app. With its powerful features and extensive job listings, Jobwala is your ultimate tool to land that perfect career opportunity. Whether you're a recent graduate, a seasoned professional looking for a career change, or someone seeking better prospects, Jobwala can help you navigate the competitive job market and secure the job of your dreams. Follow these steps to maximize your chances of getting your dream job through the Jobwala app:
Step 1: Create a Compelling Profile
Start by creating a compelling and comprehensive profile on the Jobwala app ( play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jobwala ). Highlight your skills, qualifications, work experience, and achievements. Add a professional-looking profile picture and craft a captivating summary that showcases your unique value proposition.
Step 2: Set Your Preferences
Customize your job search preferences on the Jobwala app. Specify your preferred industry, job title, location, salary range, and other relevant criteria. By setting your preferences, you ensure that the app presents you with the most relevant and tailored job recommendations. This saves you time and allows you to focus on the opportunities that align with your goals and aspirations.
Step 3: Explore Job Listings
Once your profile is set up, it's time to dive into the extensive job listings on the Jobwala app. Use the search filters to narrow down your options based on your preferences. You can filter by location, job title, salary range, and more. Take the time to read the job descriptions, requirements, and company profiles to find the perfect match for your skills and aspirations. Pay attention to the application deadlines and make a note of any specific instructions provided by the employer.
Step 4: Save and Apply
When you come across intriguing job opportunities, save them for later reference. The Jobwala app allows you to bookmark and organize your saved jobs, making it easier to revisit and apply to them. Be sure to review the saved Jobwala App regularly and prioritize the ones that closely align with your career goals. When you're ready to apply, use the app's simple and streamlined application process to submit your resume and cover letter directly to the hiring companies. Tailor your application materials to each job, highlighting the skills and experiences that make you a strong fit.
Step 5: Leverage the Power of Notifications
Stay up-to-date with the latest job openings by enabling notifications on the Jobwala app. By doing so, you'll receive alerts for new job listings, application updates, and interview requests. Staying informed is crucial in a competitive job market, as it allows you to act swiftly and increase your chances of securing your dream job. Set aside dedicated time each day to review notifications and take action accordingly.
Step 6: Polish Your Skills
Use the resources available on the Jobwala app to enhance your skills and marketability. Access career guidance articles, interview tips, and professional development resources. Take advantage of any training or certification programs recommended by the app to further boost your qualifications. Continuously investing in your skills will not only make you a more attractive candidate but also increase your confidence during the job search process.
Step 7: Engage with the Jobwala Community
Join the vibrant Jobwala community by connecting with other job seekers, industry professionals, and recruiters. Participate in discussions, share your insights, and expand your network. Networking on the Jobwala app can uncover hidden opportunities and open doors to potential referrals and mentorship. Engaging with the community also allows you to stay updated on the latest trends, industry news, and valuable insights shared by professionals in your field
Step 8: Stay Motivated and Persistent
The journey to your dream job may have its ups and downs, but stay motivated and persistent. Keep refining your profile, learning from each application, and leveraging the resources on the Jobwala app. Celebrate small victories and stay positive throughout your job search journey. Celebrate small victories and stay positive throughout your job search journey. Here are a few tips to help you stay motivated and focused throughout your job search:
Reflect on Your Goals: Remind yourself why you embarked on this job search journey in the first place. Take a moment to reflect on your career aspirations, values, and what truly drives you. Visualize yourself in your dream job and let that vision fuel your motivation.
Celebrate Small Victories: Landing your dream job is a significant accomplishment, but don't forget to celebrate the small victories along the way. Whether it's getting positive feedback on your resume, securing an interview, or receiving a callback, each milestone is a step forward. Acknowledge and reward yourself for the progress you make.
Jobwala app ( play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jobwala ) is your gateway to unlocking your dream job. By downloading the app and following these steps, you can leverage the platform's powerful features, extensive job listings, and resources to navigate your job search effectively. Trust in the process, stay persistent, and remain confident in your abilities.
Remember, your dream job is just a few taps away with Jobwala!
Over 700 delegates met in Siem Reap for the Fifth Review Conference of the Mine Ban Convention. The Siem Reap-Agnkor Summit on a Mine-Free World is where the international community adopted the Siem Reap-Angkor Action Plan, which will guide efforts for the next five years.
more info: www.siemreap-angkorsummit.cmaa.gov.kh/about-the-summit and www.apminebanconvention.org/en/review-conferences/5revcon.
Photos are free to use in the context of the Convention.
Please credit AP Mine Ban Convention ISU.
Over 700 delegates met in Siem Reap for the Fifth Review Conference of the Mine Ban Convention. The Siem Reap-Agnkor Summit on a Mine-Free World is where the international community adopted the Siem Reap-Angkor Action Plan, which will guide efforts for the next five years.
more info: www.siemreap-angkorsummit.cmaa.gov.kh/about-the-summit and www.apminebanconvention.org/en/review-conferences/5revcon.
Photos are free to use in the context of the Convention.
Please credit AP Mine Ban Convention ISU.
1.Myfxbook là gì?
Myfxbook là một nền tảng, website, và cộng đồng xã hội dành cho các trader chuyên giao dịch và đầu tư vào thị trường ngoại hối (Forex). Nó đã đạt được sự tin tưởng của hàng triệu nhà đầu tư trên khắp thế giới nhờ vào các ưu điểm độc đáo và thú vị trong dịch vụ giao dịch ngoại hối hiện nay. Đặc điểm quan trọng của Myfxbook là khả năng kết nối các tài khoản giao dịch và chia sẻ thông tin với nhau thông qua nền tảng của Myfxbook.
Myfxbook không chỉ dành cho các trader có kinh nghiệm mà còn là một địa chỉ đáng tin cậy cho những người mới bắt đầu tham gia thị trường ngoại hối. Nền tảng này cho phép các trader kết nối, chia sẻ ý tưởng, và hợp tác với nhau để đạt được mục tiêu chung là tối ưu hóa lợi nhuận từ giao dịch ngoại hối.
2.Những công cụ & dịch vụ trên Myfxbook
Myfxbook cung cấp một loạt các công cụ và dịch vụ hữu ích để hỗ trợ các trader trong quá trình giao dịch Forex:
2.1. Home
Công cụ này cung cấp thông tin mới nhất về thị trường ngoại hối và các tính năng hỗ trợ thông tin như tin tức kinh tế, lịch kinh tế để theo dõi các sự kiện quan trọng, phân tích cơ bản để hỗ trợ giao dịch theo tin tức, và máy tính Forex để tính toán các thông số quan trọng trong giao dịch.
2.2. Portfolio
Công cụ này cho phép trader liên kết tài khoản giao dịch của họ với Myfxbook và hiển thị thông tin chi tiết về giao dịch tại nền tảng này.
2.3. Charts
Công cụ này cho phép theo dõi biểu đồ giá thời gian thực và thiết kế các mô hình phân tích kỹ thuật. Nó cũng cho phép chia sẻ mô hình phân tích kỹ thuật với cộng đồng Myfxbook.
2.4. Markets
Công cụ này cung cấp thông tin chi tiết về tình hình thị trường Forex dựa trên khung thời gian thực và báo giá của các cặp tiền tệ.
2.5. Systems
Công cụ Systems giúp so sánh các hệ thống giao dịch trên nhiều tài khoản đầu tư khác nhau và truy cập vào hệ thống giao dịch của các trader khác trên thị trường.
2.6. Community
Công cụ này là trung tâm của cộng đồng Myfxbook. Tại đây, trader có thể thảo luận, trao đổi thông tin về thị trường, kỹ năng giao dịch Forex, và hợp tác với nhau. Trader có thể tạo các chủ đề, tham gia tranh luận, và nhờ tư vấn từ cộng đồng.
2.7. Review
Công cụ này giúp trader đánh giá và chia sẻ thông tin về các khía cạnh của thị trường và các dịch vụ liên quan, như sàn giao dịch, tín hiệu giao dịch, VPS, và nhiều khía cạnh khác.
3.Hướng dẫn kết nối tài khoản giao dịch MT4/MT5 với MyFxBook
Để kết nối tài khoản giao dịch MT4/MT5 với Myfxbook, bạn có hai cách phổ biến:
3.1.Cách 1: Sử dụng EA (MetaTrader4)
Đăng ký tài khoản bằng email.
Đăng nhập vào tài khoản, chọn "Add account" trong phần Portfolio và chờ phản hồi từ hệ thống.
Tiếp tục chọn "Add Account" và tự do lựa chọn nền tảng giao dịch thông qua hình ảnh hiển thị trên màn hình.
Liên kết tài khoản bằng cách cài đặt EA Myfxbook.
Khởi chạy MT4/MT5 và chọn "Myfxbook" trong phần Navigator để hoàn thành quá trình liên kết tài khoản.
3.2.Cách 2: Tự động chọn nền tảng (MetaTrader 4 - Auto Update)
Đăng nhập vào tài khoản Myfxbook và chọn "Add Account".
Điền các thông tin yêu cầu như tên đăng nhập, sàn môi giới, tên Server, số tài khoản, và mật khẩu nhà đầu tư.
Thay đổi mật khẩu nhà đầu tư trên nền tảng MT4 thành mật khẩu cá nhân để an toàn hơn.
Sau khi điền đầy đủ thông tin, chọn "Create Account" để kết nối tài khoản.
Xác thực tài khoản bằng cách thay đổi mật khẩu.
4.Hướng dẫn phân tích tài khoản trên MyFxBook
Myfxbook cung cấp nhiều công cụ phân tích tài khoản, cho phép bạn xem chi tiết về hiệu suất giao dịch của tài khoản. Dưới đây là một số hướng dẫn cơ bản về cách sử dụng các công cụ này:
Portfolio: Truy cập phần Portfolio để xem tổng quan về tài khoản giao dịch của bạn, bao gồm tỷ lệ lợi nhuận, mức drawdown, và thống kê khác.
Systems: Trong phần Systems, bạn có thể tìm kiếm và theo dõi các hệ thống giao dịch của các trader khác.
Charts: Sử dụng công cụ Charts để xem biểu đồ lợi nhuận và drawdown của tài khoản theo thời gian.
Trading Analysis: Cung cấp phân tích giao dịch chi tiết về tài khoản, bao gồm thống kê về lợi nhuận, lệnh thắng/thua, và nhiều chỉ số khác.
History & Stats: Xem lịch sử giao dịch và các thống kê chi tiết về lệnh đã được thực hiện trên tài khoản.
Community: Kết nối với cộng đồng Myfxbook để thảo luận, học hỏi, và hợp tác với các trader khác.
Myfxbook cung cấp nhiều công cụ hữu ích để theo dõi và phân tích tài khoản giao dịch của bạn, cũng như để kết nối và tương tác với cộng đồng trader. Hãy thực hiện theo hướng dẫn trên để tận dụng tối đa các tính năng của Myfxbook.
5.Hướng dẫn thực hiện copy trading với Myfxbook
Để thực hiện copy trading với Myfxbook, đầu tiên, đăng ký tài khoản, sau đó tìm và chọn nhà cung cấp tín hiệu phù hợp với bạn. Đăng ký và kết nối tài khoản giao dịch của bạn với nhà cung cấp tín hiệu. Cuối cùng, quản lý và theo dõi quá trình copy trading trên tài khoản Myfxbook của bạn. Hãy luôn thận trọng và quản lý rủi ro khi tham gia copy trading để đảm bảo an toàn tài chính của bạn.